tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27813622955111395612024-03-24T17:11:11.852+10:00The Yegiora FilesThoughts, experiences and challenges.Bernard Singu Yegiorahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14827767310793907088noreply@blogger.comBlogger211125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2781362295511139561.post-35673741409534947852023-12-08T02:31:00.002+10:002023-12-08T02:35:35.996+10:00Enhancing Maritime Security: Australia-Papua New Guinea Cooperation and Future Imperatives<p style="text-align: justify;">Australia actively administers various bilateral and multilateral programs to strengthen relations with PNG. Among these, three pivotal programs—<a href="https://www.defence.gov.au/programs-initiatives/pacific-engagement/maritime-capability">Pacific Maritime Security Program</a> (PMSP), <a href="https://devpolicy.crawford.anu.edu.au/pacific-research-program">Pacific Research Program</a> (PRP), and <a href="https://www.latrobe.edu.au/asia/research-initiatives/blue-security">Blue Security Program</a> (BSP)—focus on crucial aspects of maritime security and evidence-based policy making in PNG and the broader Indo-Pacific region. These initiatives collectively underscore Australia’s commitment to collaborative efforts beyond immediate security concerns, aiming for long-term strategic goals.</p><div class="min-h-[20px] text-message flex flex-col items-start gap-3 whitespace-pre-wrap break-words [.text-message+&]:mt-5 overflow-x-auto" data-message-author-role="assistant" data-message-id="c5ebad5a-8640-4188-a882-8a3ba27b7654" style="text-align: justify;"><div class="markdown prose w-full break-words dark:prose-invert dark"><p>Under the Defence Co-operation Program, the PMSP facilitated PNG's acquisition and operation of four guardian-class patrol boats. Recently, the HMPNGS Gilbert Toropo was delivered and is <a href="https://www.postcourier.com.pg/welcome-home-mv-gilbert-toropo/">stationed</a> at Port Moresby’s Basilisk Naval Base, soon to be commissioned for duty at the Lombrum Naval Base in Manu Province.</p><p>Joining <a href="https://www.postcourier.com.pg/australian-capability-support-to-png/">three existing vessels</a>—HMPNGS Ted Diro, HMPNGS Rochus Lokinap, and HMPNGS Francis Agwi—the HMPNGS Gilbert Toropo will reinforce patrols across PNG’s maritime space, <a href="https://www.thenational.com.pg/vessels-decommissioned/">replacing aging vessels</a> like HMPNGS Rabaul, HMPNGS Seeadler, HMPNGS Moresby, and HMPNGS Dreger. These new patrol boats play a crucial role in safeguarding the 3.12 million square kilometer Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and protecting undersea internet cables, aligning with the Maritime Zones Act. <br /></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFj3l-0iytqYodePdmpFSY8lzoEIuEDB9FD3ugX2owZB3pxoSh3Lp3SNJSeztS2e-Wf3QxO62HOT6jiC69o-I7FuG-vTnxIl1_DUDWeUk-Ch_EGRwDkYW_6XNwFzmTv5k029RjmElbcrIfrIzEKlLXeax1OTc941eu9ppE3BWDI4kezYfNEflId7gsh0ca/s5184/IMG_2872.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3456" data-original-width="5184" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFj3l-0iytqYodePdmpFSY8lzoEIuEDB9FD3ugX2owZB3pxoSh3Lp3SNJSeztS2e-Wf3QxO62HOT6jiC69o-I7FuG-vTnxIl1_DUDWeUk-Ch_EGRwDkYW_6XNwFzmTv5k029RjmElbcrIfrIzEKlLXeax1OTc941eu9ppE3BWDI4kezYfNEflId7gsh0ca/w640-h426/IMG_2872.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p>Aligned with <a href="https://www.dfat.gov.au/publications/minisite/2017-foreign-policy-white-paper/fpwhitepaper/foreign-policy-white-paper/chapter-seven-shared-agenda-security-and-prosperity/enduring-partnership.html">Australia’s foreign policy</a>, the PMSP aims to combat illegal fishing, transnational crime, and people smuggling. Collaborative efforts between Australian Government organizations and their PNG counterparts, such as the Royal PNG Constabulary, the PNG Defence Force Maritime Element, and the Australian Federal Police, have <a href="https://www.thenational.com.pg/vessel-linked-to-drug-bust/">intercepted foreign vessels</a>, demonstrating Australia’s support for PNG's maritime security interests.</p><p>However, PNG's lack of updated defense and national security policies, including a foreign policy white paper, might hinder the PMSP's <a href="https://www.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/soundings-41">effectiveness</a> in combating issues like illegal fishing, necessitating agreements like the ship-rider agreement with the United States. Instances like the <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jun/24/bust-in-budi-budi-the-day-a-fisherman-hauled-in-50m-worth-of-cocaine">Budbudi Island case </a>highlight the exploitation of PNG’s territorial waters and EEZ by drug syndicates due to inadequate surveillance and intelligence coordination.</p><p>Australia's engagement of PNG entities within the PRP aims to cultivate expertise in evidence-based policymaking. Collaborations involving esteemed institutions like the Lowy Institute, Australian National University, University of PNG, and the National Research Institute, along with <a href="https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/putting-png-stamp-security">joint forums</a> addressing security issues and national interests, demonstrate significant progress through these collaborative efforts.</p><p>However, PNG faces a significant gap, lacking specialized security or foreign policy research institutions for consistent studies guiding evidence-based policymaking. This gap, resulting from inadequate planning, insufficient funding, and mismanagement of financial resources, leaves policymakers and researchers without updated information necessary for informed decision-making and effective problem-solving. Bridging this gap is critical to supporting PNG's strategic interests through informed policymaking.</p><p>Australia and PNG are dedicated to strengthening maritime security
through initiatives like the PMSP, PRP, and BSP, aimed at addressing
Indo-Pacific challenges. However, there's a clear need for updated
policies and research institutions in PNG to handle evolving threats
effectively. Ongoing cooperation and investment in evidence-based
policymaking are essential for protecting mutual interests and promoting
stability in the region. The newly established <a href="https://www.dfat.gov.au/news/news/australia-papua-new-guinea-bilateral-security-agreement">Australia-PNG Bilateral Security Agreement</a> holds significant importance in this endeavour.</p></div></div>Bernard Singu Yegiorahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14827767310793907088noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2781362295511139561.post-28147412214981948122023-11-18T08:31:00.000+10:002023-11-18T08:31:48.382+10:00Pacific Promise: China's Impact in PNG Mining<p><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Chinese Ambassador to Papua New Guinea (PNG), Zeng Fanhua, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/">highlighted</a> the nickel and cobalt mine as
the most significant Chinese investment in the Pacific. This substantial
venture has not only bolstered the country's economic growth but has also
triggered noticeable transformations in Madang Province. More than mere
financial gains, it symbolizes the robust bilateral relations between China and
PNG.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In January 2019, former National Planning Minister Richard Maru <a href="https://www.postcourier.com.pg/companies-must-take-social-responsibility-maru/">emphasized</a>
the responsibility of companies, including Ramu NiCo Management Limited (RNML),
in developing infrastructure, healthcare, and education services within the
Special Mining Lease (SML) areas. He stressed the imperative for mining
companies to contribute more to these communities, aligning with their
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) to the State and its people.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Before Maru's announcement, RNML had implemented a staged <a href="https://www.ramunico.com/social-economic-development/">Social and
Economic Development Plan</a> aimed at bolstering local communities. This plan,
aligned with the Ramu Memorandum of Agreement and CSR practices, manifested in
tangible ways. Notable achievements included the establishment of primary
schools like Ganglau, Usino, and Naru, alongside Enekwai and Ileg health
centers. The company also invested in crucial infrastructure such as police
stations, office buildings, and utility connections in districts housing mining
operations.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">RNML's commitment extended beyond infrastructure to an <a href="https://www.ramunico.com/social-economic-development/">Agriculture
Development Plan</a> (ADP), engaging Chinese experts to bolster cocoa and rice
farming. They provided <a href="https://postcourier.com.pg/ramu-nico-promotes-agriculture-and-gender-programs/">training</a>
in various agricultural areas like vegetable farming, vanilla cultivation,
coconut processing, piggery production, and poultry and fish farming. Their
investment in agriculture, evident in the <a href="https://postcourier.com.pg/ramu-nico-promotes-agriculture-and-gender-programs/">distribution
of cocoa seedlings</a>, marked a substantial commitment to the ADP's
objectives.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Additionally, the company's allocation of 2021 RNML royalty payments
to <a href="https://www.postcourier.com.pg/new-rice-mills-for-gama-llg/">purchase
12 new rice mills</a> for 12 wards in the Gama Local Level Government area
showcased successful rice farming efforts. This local rice production aims to
diminish reliance on expensive imported rice, benefiting both the country and
individual households.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">RNML's CSR slogan, "One Ramu NiCo, One Community,"
mirrors the Chinese principle of "harmonious coexistence," reflecting
in their inclusive approach. Their <a href="https://postcourier.com.pg/ramu-nico-promotes-agriculture-and-gender-programs/">gender
empowerment programs</a>, focused on training females in SML areas, illustrate
their dedication to bridging gender disparities and empowering women to support
their families.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXgTk23q3YwwbFjSH5BVszh1f9J6GcUvTUibMhTOr94A8ZkvJ84rUYrU-zWq3GhRoRPZyKfT-Pl2Hb7zbjVnZoXDzvpsJPXYMeuAcOJNpIyfv7cdAsY_oijs3Sm-rtcyYfhef6YKU9fS2QDbOiRno9JEUh2yOe59_QQ8R_EjuP2Dkfp1a5QiU9Mek2ZR6-/s640/volume-16-one-ramu-nico-one-community.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="640" data-original-width="472" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXgTk23q3YwwbFjSH5BVszh1f9J6GcUvTUibMhTOr94A8ZkvJ84rUYrU-zWq3GhRoRPZyKfT-Pl2Hb7zbjVnZoXDzvpsJPXYMeuAcOJNpIyfv7cdAsY_oijs3Sm-rtcyYfhef6YKU9fS2QDbOiRno9JEUh2yOe59_QQ8R_EjuP2Dkfp1a5QiU9Mek2ZR6-/w472-h640/volume-16-one-ramu-nico-one-community.jpg" width="472" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/53566674/volume-16-one-ramu-nico-one-community">Ramu NiCo Updater Volume 16</a><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In 2023, RNML escalated its CSR efforts by <a href="https://www.postcourier.com.pg/sir-peter-barter-scholarship-launched/">co-funding
the Sir Peter Barter Education Scholarship</a> with K3.9 million from recent
royalty payments. This investment in Madang students attending tertiary
institutions will drive societal and economic changes. Moreover, their
collaborations with higher education institutions and support for initiatives
like the <a href="https://www.ramunico.com/2023/07/19/diwai-fox-receives-k10000/">Divine
Word University rugby league team</a> further underscore their commitment to
fostering partnerships and sustainable projects.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Religious institutions also benefited from RNML's CSR initiatives,
with one percent of the Ramu NiCo project's royalty payment allocated to <a href="https://postcourier.com.pg/church-leader-acknowledges-ramu-nico-help/">church
evangelism</a>. Collaborations with the Coastal Pipeline Landowners Association
to supply solar lights to churches in the Astrolabe Bay Local Level Government
area showcased their collaboration with religious groups.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Since commencing operations, RNML has gradually supported
communities in SML areas and Madang Province at large. Their CSR endeavours,
documented in media reports and the regularly published Ramu NiCo Updater,
depict their steadfast commitment to positive change and sustainable
development.</span></p>Bernard Singu Yegiorahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14827767310793907088noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2781362295511139561.post-30693627081354410702023-11-10T17:50:00.002+10:002023-11-10T17:50:46.251+10:00Decoding Papua New Guinea's Political Jargon: Nek, Sevis, Wantok, and Kin<p style="text-align: justify;">Papua New Guinea, a land of diverse cultures and languages, has a unique political landscape shaped by its rich tapestry of traditions. In this vibrant political arena, where language often weaves intricate stories, several terms stand out – Nek, Sevis, Wantok, and Kin. Let's delve into the heart of these words and unravel their political significance.</p><h3 style="text-align: justify;">Nek - Navigating the Political Landscape</h3><p style="text-align: justify;">"Nek," derived from the Tok Pisin word for neck, usually refers to the human body part. However, in the realm of Papua New Guinean politics, it takes on a new meaning. Here, "nek" is synonymous with gaining financial benefits or securing jobs to fulfill one's personal interests or needs. It reflects the intricate dance of power and influence, where individuals seek to enhance their positions through strategic alliances and resource allocations.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In the context of Papua New Guinea's political landscape, the term "nek" encapsulates the dynamic nature of political maneuvering, where individuals strive to gain advantages for themselves or their constituents.</p><h3 style="text-align: justify;">Sevis - Building Bridges Through Service</h3><p style="text-align: justify;">The word "Sevis," originating from the Tok Pisin term for service, plays a crucial role in the political narrative of Papua New Guinea. Unlike the self-serving connotations of "nek," "sevis" emphasizes tangible benefits for the electorate. It refers to infrastructure development and the provision of essential services aimed at improving the lives of the people.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In the political lexicon, "sevis" represents a commitment to the well-being of the community, focusing on initiatives that directly contribute to the betterment of living conditions. It embodies the responsibility of political leaders to serve their constituents by addressing critical needs and fostering sustainable development.</p><h3 style="text-align: justify;">Wantok - Connections Beyond Kinship</h3><p style="text-align: justify;">The term "Wantok" goes beyond the conventional boundaries of kinship. While it is commonly understood to refer to someone who is not a relative, its political context broadens the scope of connections. In politics, "Wantok" encompasses individuals linked to the community through various ties – be it through residency, long-term friendships, or shared educational experiences.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This nuanced term captures the essence of community bonds that extend beyond blood relations, highlighting the interconnectedness of people in a society where personal connections hold significant weight in political dynamics.</p><h3 style="text-align: justify;">Kin - Blood Ties in Political Networks</h3><p style="text-align: justify;">In a society where family holds profound importance, the term "Kin" takes center stage in the political narrative. Unlike the broader connections suggested by "Wantok," "Kin" specifically refers to individuals with blood ties and familial bonds. These political allies are not just associates; they are part of the family tree, sharing a deeper connection that often influences political decisions and allegiances.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In Papua New Guinea, where personal relationships carry immense weight, the concept of "Kin" underscores the significance of familial bonds in shaping political affiliations and alliances.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWDd4_Frk9lLtC2t7MYIsJr-E77cQRSrKY0ZQc1-YVNU1Lb5qLl10DrBTugoJYP1jdfFXRVjN71shA8WMhAkQure8zn_UccASaNTw4K_5hMjrFop7LTEeFDiTj8daYFNloY3g71J51AsA_Fqg9glhP9m-icYZD8jv2vJj3XYRLay48TmlMqdc7wLzKWKFY/s4000/IMG_20220705_135406.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="4000" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWDd4_Frk9lLtC2t7MYIsJr-E77cQRSrKY0ZQc1-YVNU1Lb5qLl10DrBTugoJYP1jdfFXRVjN71shA8WMhAkQure8zn_UccASaNTw4K_5hMjrFop7LTEeFDiTj8daYFNloY3g71J51AsA_Fqg9glhP9m-icYZD8jv2vJj3XYRLay48TmlMqdc7wLzKWKFY/w640-h480/IMG_20220705_135406.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Voting at Yabong Field Ward 3 Madang Urban for the Madang Open and Regional seats<br /></td></tr></tbody></table></p><h3 style="text-align: justify;">Conclusion: The Tapestry of Papua New Guinea's Political Discourse</h3><p style="text-align: justify;">As we unravel the meanings behind these Tok Pisin terms – Nek, Sevis, Wantok, and Kin – we gain insight into the intricacies of Papua New Guinea's political landscape. Here, language is more than a means of communication; it is a reflection of cultural values, societal connections, and the complex dance of power.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In the diverse and dynamic world of Papua New Guinea's politics, understanding these terms provides a glimpse into the rich tapestry of relationships, services, and personal interests that shape the nation's governance. As the political narrative continues to evolve, these words will remain integral to the ongoing story of Papua New Guinea.</p>Bernard Singu Yegiorahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14827767310793907088noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2781362295511139561.post-92053437355479368402023-11-10T09:41:00.003+10:002023-11-10T09:59:26.676+10:00Papua New Guinea and China: A Symbiotic Relationship Unveiled<p style="text-align: justify;">Papua New Guinea (PNG), a nation nestled in the Pacific Ocean, is gradually emerging as a key player in the complex web of international relations, particularly in its ties with the People's Republic of China (PRC). This blog article takes a deep dive into the multifaceted relationship between these two nations, unraveling the intricacies that have shaped their interactions over the years.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>PNG in the Indo-Pacific Context</b></p><p style="text-align: justify;">To comprehend the dynamics of PNG-China relations, it's essential to place them within the broader Indo-Pacific context. The Indo-Pacific is a vast region with diverse nations, each with its unique geopolitical interests. It's within this complex backdrop that we begin our exploration of the PNG-China relationship.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Shifting Perspectives</b></p><p style="text-align: justify;">One might assume that PNG, as a relatively small player on the global stage, would view China through the lens of regional security, just as many other nations do. Surprisingly, PNG's perspective takes a different route. Rather than being preoccupied with traditional security concerns, PNG's focus centers on human security and environmental sustainability. For PNG, China is seen as a partner for development rather than a security threat.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>A Journey Through History</b></p><p style="text-align: justify;">To understand the origins of this distinctive relationship, we must step back in time. In 1975, leaders like Michael Somare and Albert Maori Kiki introduced the 'Universalism' foreign policy, aimed at diversifying PNG's international relationships. Their goal was to reduce reliance on Australia and explore opportunities with non-democratic countries. Notably, Somare's <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=Gl8oprXKLkE ">historic visit to China</a> marked a pivotal moment in this journey.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In 1979, Papua New Guinea underwent a policy review, which led to the formulation of the 'Active and Selective Engagement' policy in 1982 under the leadership of Julius Chan. This policy offered strategic direction, advocating pragmatic engagement with various nations, including both Australia and China.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">While Julius Chan's own Chinese heritage didn't significantly influence policy decisions, it facilitated increased interactions with the PRC. By 1988, towards the end of Paias Wingti's tenure, the PRC's vice-foreign minister visited PNG, discussing bilateral trade and technical cooperation, setting the stage for deeper engagement.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Challenges and Shifts</b></p><p style="text-align: justify;">In 1999, a significant shift occurred during William Skate's leadership when PNG considered recognizing Taiwan as a separate country, diverging from its 'One China' policy of nearly 23 years. This decision was influenced by challenges related to securing international loans and economic issues.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>China as an Alternative Development Partner</b></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Peter O'Neill's decision to join China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) reinforced China's image as an alternative development partner. His efforts aligned with PNG's foreign policy approach, emphasizing 'Connecting for peace and prosperity in a changing world' and 'Active and Selective Engagement.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under the leadership of James Marape, China's role as an alternative development partner was further reinforced. The <a href="https://www.thenational.com.pg/toropo-corrects-statement-made-to-australian-media/ ">'Toropo blunder,'</a> where a defense force commander questioned China's presence, was swiftly corrected by Marape. Throughout his tenure, he consistently emphasized China's importance.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>A Glimpse into the Future</b></p><p style="text-align: justify;">As the political landscape in PNG continues to evolve, influential leaders like James Marape, Peter O'Neill, and others vie for the position of prime minister. Despite their differences, they all agree on China's role as an alternative development partner, despite PNG's historical ties with Australia.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Symbolic Collaborative Projects</b></p><p style="text-align: justify;">This intricate relationship between PNG and China extends beyond the realms of economic and political ties. Two notable projects, the <a href="https://www.postcourier.com.pg/upland-rice-training-on-mushroom-rice/ ">Juncao mushroom initiative</a> and the <a href="http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-07/06/c_139191687.htm ">Butuka Academy project</a>, symbolize the collaborative efforts between these two nations in sustainable agriculture and education. <br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;">The Juncao mushroom project, for instance, blends traditional Chinese agricultural practices with PNG's unique environmental conditions, enhancing local agricultural production and promoting sustainable development and poverty alleviation in PNG under the framework of the <a href="https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202311/04/WS6545b66fa31090682a5ec6a4.html ">Global Development Initiative</a>.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.postcourier.com.pg/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Training.jpg?w=1200" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="294" data-original-width="800" height="294" src="https://www.postcourier.com.pg/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Training.jpg?w=1200" width="800" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Photo by Yi Xin from <a href="https://www.postcourier.com.pg/from-juncao-to-sustainable-development/">Post Courier</a><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Conclusion: A Multifaceted Partnership</b></p><p style="text-align: justify;">In conclusion, the diplomatic relations between PNG and PRC are far from one-dimensional. They encompass not only economic and political aspects but also venture into the realms of sustainable agriculture and education through the Juncao mushroom and Butuka Academy projects. These initiatives underscore China's role as a genuine partner in PNG's journey towards development and reflect the potential for collaboration in various sectors. PNG's unique perspective in the Indo-Pacific region reveals a multifaceted partnership that continues to evolve, offering promising prospects for both nations.</p>Bernard Singu Yegiorahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14827767310793907088noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2781362295511139561.post-33761792127879679672023-11-07T07:32:00.000+10:002023-11-07T07:32:07.335+10:00China's Soft Power Strategy: Balancing Behaviour on the Global Stage<p style="text-align: justify;">In this blog article, we'll dive into China's behaviour using the lens of soft power. China's unique approach to altering soft power variables underpins its effort to influence other states' behaviour, and this is primarily driven by its government. The evolution of China's political and economic system, guided by leaders like Deng Xiaoping, has transformed it from a pre-modern imperial state to an isolated communist regime. This hybrid state, merging elements of opposing ideologies, presents an interesting case study of the soft power concept. As Shaun Breslin notes, it has become part of China's official discourse and policy to actively promote positive images and ideas about the nation. China's future trajectory hinges on how effectively it wields this tool.</p><div class="flex flex-grow flex-col max-w-full gap-3 gizmo:gap-0" style="text-align: justify;"><div class="min-h-[20px] flex flex-col items-start gap-3 whitespace-pre-wrap break-words overflow-x-auto" data-message-author-role="assistant" data-message-id="08568e2e-2c8b-4742-9f6d-cdf3e64bf5a2"><div class="markdown prose w-full break-words dark:prose-invert dark"><p>Throughout this blog article, we will explore several key questions. Can soft power effectively analyze China's historical behaviour? Will China's peaceful rise influence the behaviour of other states? How crucial is benevolent behaviour in China's ascent as a global power? What changes are occurring in these soft power variables, and what are their aims?</p><p><strong>Analyzing Historical Cases</strong> </p><p>China, like any other country, boasts a rich and colorful history characterized by tales of love, war, and peace. Cultural attraction and diplomacy were used to attract China's adversaries in various historical periods. Confucian pacifist culture, for instance, helped maintain the tributary system in East Asia. Instead of outright military conquest, expansion was achieved through cultural attraction and the voluntary submission of peripheral regions. Diplomatic maneuvers, cultural attraction, static defense, and other non-violent accommodation measures were employed before resorting to force when necessary. These historical instances demonstrate China's mastery of attraction as a form of power, influencing the behaviour of neighboring states.</p><p>David Kang's reference to dynastic China's relations with Southeast Asia highlights how China's economic power and cultural superiority drew countries into its orbit, becoming a magnet for cultivating relations. China's behavior during the imperial era reshaped the conduct of peripheral states through changes in soft power variables, as Joseph Nye pointed out.</p><p><strong>Contemporary Behavioural Assumptions</strong> </p><p>It's astonishing to think that a few decades ago, China was an impoverished and powerless nation. The Communist Party, led by Mao Zedong, laid the foundations for China's transformation, paving the way for influential leaders like Deng Xiaoping to guide the nation towards becoming an economic powerhouse. Scholars and world leaders have described China's rise as one of the defining dramas of the twenty-first century. This view was evident when former U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton emphasized the competition for influence between China and the U.S., underlining the significance of China's rise in global affairs.</p><p>Two contrasting behavioral assumptions exist regarding China's rise. Some view it as a threat to global peace and security, akin to a good person turning bad as they amass wealth. Others see China as a benevolent power that remains unaltered by its newfound riches. These assumptions largely align with the dominant theoretical frameworks of international relations, Realism and Liberalism.</p><p><strong>Aggressive Behaviour</strong> </p><p>Those who perceive China as a threat, as aligned with realist thinking, emphasize the role of power. Their argument is that as China's relative power grows, it gains the capability to employ both incentives (carrots) and coercive measures (sticks) to achieve its objectives. This approach is particularly worrisome because China does not align with the dominant ideology shared by most other states, making it challenging to gauge China's intentions, leading to suspicion and unease.</p><p>Public opinion surveys and geopolitical analyses reflect this perspective. For instance, surveys show that a significant portion of Americans considers China a threat, even though a substantial portion also desires a strong relationship with China. Similar negative sentiments are found in Western Europe, South Korea, Japan, and India. Scholars like John Mearsheimer predict intense security competition and potential war between the U.S. and China if China's impressive economic growth continues.</p><p><strong>Benign Behaviour</strong> </p><p>In contrast, a more positive view perceives China as a benign rising power. This perspective aligns with the democratic peace theory, asserting that democracies do not go to war with each other. Since China falls outside this democratic grouping, some argue it could potentially be a threat. However, China's recent political and economic evolution suggests a different path. It is gradually transitioning towards democracy, challenging the perception of China as a traditional communist state. Additionally, China's embrace of a "Socialist Market Economy with Chinese Characteristics" demonstrates its departure from traditional communist economic models.</p><p>China's foreign policy reflects a pragmatic approach that focuses on respecting sovereignty and non-interference in the internal affairs of other states. This stance stems from Confucian and Taoist values that emphasize non-interference and the golden rule of treating others as you would like to be treated.</p><p><strong>Changes in the Variables</strong> </p><p>To establish itself as a benign global power, China has made strategic changes in various soft power variables:</p><p><strong>Culture:</strong> China has established <a href="https://www.unitech.ac.pg/confucius-institute/">Confucius Institutes</a> worldwide to promote its culture, aiming to mitigate potential cultural clashes. Investment in Chinese culture through language, cuisine, art, and other aspects helps dispel negative perceptions.</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZA9e6cVrf4k0yno50zqSQLFr6W2-nlFHqzugTPAy6dWJ0AzZG36mshVS1YdMq8tG96gcmil40hKBKaLvVOMlG4Bk1LWsg-h6swAw-65lO1pLE1f8sGbcU0rzC1PgIynwlmE_xt4_WfeVxVYJrVTu4YKK5mzMPwjowv9jWvSPDDwmnEhTu9Bhve4wA0jip/s4000/f227687704.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="4000" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZA9e6cVrf4k0yno50zqSQLFr6W2-nlFHqzugTPAy6dWJ0AzZG36mshVS1YdMq8tG96gcmil40hKBKaLvVOMlG4Bk1LWsg-h6swAw-65lO1pLE1f8sGbcU0rzC1PgIynwlmE_xt4_WfeVxVYJrVTu4YKK5mzMPwjowv9jWvSPDDwmnEhTu9Bhve4wA0jip/w640-h480/f227687704.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p><strong>Values:</strong> China is evolving towards a democratic path, dispelling authoritarian stereotypes by aligning more closely with market economies. Its non-interference stance also distinguishes its values from the West's stance.</p><p><strong>Foreign Policy:</strong> China's foreign policy emphasizes peace, development, and protection, and it respects sovereignty and non-interference. These principles reflect Confucian and Taoist values.</p><p><strong>Investments:</strong> China's significant investments in other countries and foreign direct investment promote economic interdependence, making war a less desirable option.</p><p><strong>Aid:</strong> China has become a major source of foreign aid in regions like Asia, Pacific, Latin America, and Africa, focusing on raw materials crucial for its growth. This aid fosters better relations with developing countries.</p><p><strong>Diplomacy:</strong> China's win-win diplomacy fosters mutually beneficial relationships. Its active role in international organizations and public diplomacy efforts have improved its image and influenced the behaviour of other states.</p><p><strong>Conclusion</strong> </p><p>As an analytical tool, soft power helps us understand China's behavior and its impact on the international system. China's mastery of soft power variables underpins its efforts to shape the behaviour of other states. It's a delicate balancing act for China as it navigates its ascent to global prominence. By strategically managing these soft power variables, China aims to prove the world wrong and secure its place as a great and benevolent power. Further research into how these variables operate in practice can shed more light on China's evolving global role.</p></div></div></div>Bernard Singu Yegiorahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14827767310793907088noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2781362295511139561.post-21973428543089536092023-11-05T18:54:00.001+10:002023-11-05T19:02:20.519+10:00Soft Power: A Comprehensive Analytical Tool in International Relations<p style="text-align: justify;">The evolving landscape of international relations, shaped by globalization, has given rise to the concept of soft power. Joseph Nye's paradigm shift emphasizes that soft power is a non-coercive form of influence that states wield strategically to shape international dynamics. In this blog article, we delve into the multifaceted attributes of soft power, analyzing how its six core elements, culture, values, foreign policy, investments, aid, and diplomacy, can serve as a comprehensive analytical tool. This approach not only enables us to fathom the impact of soft power but also draw parallels with human behavior to gain deeper insights into state behaviour.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Culture as Soft Power</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Culture, a central element of soft power, has the power to mold a nation's image and behaviour. Understanding the cultural intricacies of another nation fosters better relations. For instance, the appeal of a foreign culture can lead to friendly behavior and promote peace. This cultural exchange creates a bond between states and serves as a driving force behind their actions.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Values Shaping State Behavior</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Values form a crucial component of soft power, guiding both individual and state behaviour. Just as individuals uphold their values, states exhibit behaviour that aligns with their collective values. The dissemination of values through public diplomacy tools can significantly influence how a state is perceived by the international community.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Foreign Policy as an Expression of Intent</p><p style="text-align: justify;">A state's foreign policy serves as an articulation of its national interests and intentions to the global community. When a state's foreign policy promotes peace and cooperation over aggression, it can positively impact state behavior. Different foreign policy approaches can instigate changes in state conduct and relationships with other nations.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Investments and Economic Attractiveness</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Investments, both at the state and individual levels, are integral to survival and prosperity. For states, investments in foreign markets aim to bolster their economies. Multinational corporations wield significant influence through their economic investments. Their activities can shape the preferences of other nations, making the state that fosters economic growth and stability more attractive to other nations.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdJ3jdlwEhImFhTHKWS0z-zQxmxjmSu16MfDK3TWAYUgCf9kRRchoX0mvmNZpx8LJjovMqT4rJdJjZJvxQ7EEVeBqptLxhsReQTpKbPRXMAn91E8X53cE29dU32Jlx_0-LTYImV7UPiV85vK1t9dP4HfVYQip3XgssXLabqN4IA2OfqDdoM5n-MLJUS4FM/s4000/f226534672.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="4000" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdJ3jdlwEhImFhTHKWS0z-zQxmxjmSu16MfDK3TWAYUgCf9kRRchoX0mvmNZpx8LJjovMqT4rJdJjZJvxQ7EEVeBqptLxhsReQTpKbPRXMAn91E8X53cE29dU32Jlx_0-LTYImV7UPiV85vK1t9dP4HfVYQip3XgssXLabqN4IA2OfqDdoM5n-MLJUS4FM/w640-h480/f226534672.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;">The Influence of Aid</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Just as individuals seek assistance in times of financial hardship, states receive foreign aid in various forms. Foreign aid can alter the dynamics of state behavior, creating power dynamics between donor and recipient states. This dynamic serves as a vital aspect of soft power, shaping how states interact with one another.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Diplomacy's Role in Attraction</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Diplomacy plays a pivotal role in state relations. Diplomatic negotiations can attract states to enter into alliances, trade agreements, peace treaties, and various formal agreements. In the context of soft power, effective diplomacy has the power to bring about changes in state behaviour, leading to cooperation and peaceful resolutions of conflicts.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Conclusion</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Soft power, encompassing the attributes of culture, values, foreign policy, investments, aid, and diplomacy, serves as a potent analytical tool for comprehending the complexities of international relations. By strategically enhancing the attractiveness of these elements, states can influence one another, shape behaviours, and foster cooperation. This holistic approach not only aids analysts and statesmen in understanding and predicting state behaviour but also draws on the fundamental concept of attraction in human interactions, which is paramount in shaping the dynamics of international relations.</p>Bernard Singu Yegiorahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14827767310793907088noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2781362295511139561.post-42738534198033596812023-10-30T14:30:00.000+10:002023-10-30T14:30:48.384+10:00Unraveling Power in International Relations<div class="flex flex-grow flex-col gap-3 max-w-full" style="text-align: justify;"><div class="min-h-[20px] flex flex-col items-start gap-3 whitespace-pre-wrap break-words overflow-x-auto" data-message-author-role="assistant" data-message-id="e9c1ec39-6138-44f9-8755-555901d0f02b"><div class="markdown prose w-full break-words dark:prose-invert dark">International relations is a labyrinth of theories and concepts, with "power" at its epicenter. Understanding the dynamics of international politics hinges on grasping the essence of power and how it influences state behaviour. In this blog post, we'll delve into the intricate world of power within international relations, focusing on the evolution of the concept and its interpretation through major theoretical frameworks.<p><em>Defining Power</em></p><p>In international relations, power can be a rather elusive concept, often used in various contexts. At its core, power refers to a state's capacity to influence other states to act in ways they might not otherwise choose to. This capacity to bring about change can be wielded through tangible or intangible resources, ranging from military might and economic strength to diplomatic finesse and cultural influence. With states operating on an anarchic global stage where no central authority governs, power relations among nations are naturally asymmetric.</p><p><em>Theories of Power</em></p><p>As the fundamental building block of international relations, power has been examined and dissected from various angles throughout history. Here, we'll explore three prominent theories that serve as critical analytical tools in deciphering state behaviour.</p><ol><li><strong>National Power</strong></li></ol><p>According to the influential scholar Hans Morgenthau, national power is a multifaceted concept that incorporates both material and non-material elements. It encompasses factors such as a state's population, military strength, diplomatic prowess, industrial capabilities, governance efficiency, natural resources, and even its national character and morale. A powerful state is one that adeptly combines these elements to exert influence in the international arena.</p><p>This theory underscores the importance of material factors, like access to natural resources, in bolstering a nation's power relative to others. However, the uneven distribution of power resources and the challenges in translating abundant resources into global influence are integral aspects of power dynamics in international relations.</p><ol start="2"><li><strong>Balance of Power</strong></li></ol><p>The Balance of Power (BoP) theory, a cornerstone of neo-realism, holds a central place in international relations discourse. It describes the relative distribution of power among states and how they strive to maintain equilibrium, especially in the face of powerful or potentially threatening states. In a world characterized by anarchy, states form alliances to balance against more potent actors, thus striving for security through collective strength.</p><p>The BoP theory is instrumental in comprehending historical events such as the Cold War, where the United States and the Soviet Union engaged in a global chess match of alliances and counter-alliances. It allows for the classification of international systems into multipolar, bipolar, or unipolar, shedding light on how states behave in different structures.</p><ol start="3"><li><strong>Hard and Soft Power</strong></li></ol><p>The 21st century has witnessed a transformation in international relations, with conventional hard power resources becoming less effective. A myriad of factors, including globalization, the prohibitive cost of war, the advent of weapons of mass destruction, economic interdependence, and international trade, has shifted the landscape of global power dynamics. As a result, the concept of soft power emerged as a pivotal analytical tool for understanding international relations in this new era.</p><p><strong>Hard Power</strong>: This traditional form of power is associated with military capabilities and economic strength. However, its appeal has dwindled due to the high costs of military action, the prospect of nuclear conflicts, and the potential damage it can inflict on a nation's reputation, as illustrated by the Iraq War.</p><p><strong>Soft Power</strong>: In contrast, soft power relies on intangible resources, encompassing a nation's culture, political values, and foreign policy. A nation that effectively projects an attractive culture, upholds its political ideals, and maintains a legitimate foreign policy enjoys greater influence in the global arena. Notably, soft power is not limited to states; non-state actors like Hollywood and multinational corporations also wield significant influence.</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBpayO4TcWO3gnervMFlvS9giKWBYMR1TWRFCJ2oWBo4NknfQZCLpZC6TmHHO8580mkX6B8TIUG2RHHxOalo6rXn5FcjvL743H5IRLihTVLuf6rLtsjmTIuUTRgY1-ILELEA7JCOluINkJjJFxrjEL6I9fH6AnrvxnlabxSs_-PEkmdUa_rUdd-JY_cYBC/s4000/f225455840.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="4000" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBpayO4TcWO3gnervMFlvS9giKWBYMR1TWRFCJ2oWBo4NknfQZCLpZC6TmHHO8580mkX6B8TIUG2RHHxOalo6rXn5FcjvL743H5IRLihTVLuf6rLtsjmTIuUTRgY1-ILELEA7JCOluINkJjJFxrjEL6I9fH6AnrvxnlabxSs_-PEkmdUa_rUdd-JY_cYBC/w640-h480/f225455840.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p><strong>Smart Power</strong>: Acknowledging the limitations of relying solely on hard or soft power, the concept of smart power has emerged. It advocates for the strategic combination of both forms of power to achieve specific objectives. This balanced approach, as highlighted by Joseph Nye and others, recognizes that hard power still has a role in the pursuit of global influence.</p><p><em>Significance of the Theory</em></p><p>Joseph Nye's categorization of power into hard and soft forms has revolutionized the field of international relations. In today's interconnected world, soft power has risen to the forefront, profoundly influencing a state's position in the global power hierarchy. Hollywood, multinational corporations, and various other non-state actors now play pivotal roles in shaping international politics, thereby expanding the scope of soft power.</p><p><strong>Conclusion</strong></p><p>In the intricate realm of international relations, the quest for power is paramount. Driven by security concerns and the pride of nations, the pursuit of power shapes state behavior and global dynamics. Scholars and theorists have developed various theories to elucidate the evolving concept of power, each offering a unique perspective.</p><p>Hans Morgenthau's national power theory, Kenneth Waltz's Balance of Power theory, and Joseph Nye's hard and soft power theories serve as invaluable analytical tools. By understanding these theories, we gain insight into the complexities of international politics and diplomacy. In an ever-changing world, grasping the nuances of power is the key to navigating the international stage effectively.</p></div></div></div>Bernard Singu Yegiorahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14827767310793907088noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2781362295511139561.post-68891790132721794732023-10-26T18:03:00.002+10:002023-10-26T18:03:26.919+10:00China poverty eradication: An example for PNG<p>In the global landscape of developing nations, China has risen as a remarkable beacon of hope for countries eager to tackle the scourge of extreme poverty. The recent data from the World Bank is nothing short of astonishing: more than 850 million people in China have escaped the clutches of extreme poverty over the past four decades. This accomplishment stands as a testament to the potential for other developing nations, like Papua New Guinea (PNG), to achieve similar feats.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The question that naturally arises is, how did China manage to uplift an astounding 10 million people out of extreme poverty each year? How did they successfully remove 832 counties and 128,000 villages from the poverty-stricken list in a mere eight years? The answer to these questions is a modern-day miracle, one masterminded by President Xi Jinping and the Communist Party of China (CPC).</p><p style="text-align: justify;">President Xi Jinping's Vision</p><p style="text-align: justify;">President Xi made it clear that the CPC Central Committee has accorded the highest priority to poverty alleviation in their governance. They view this endeavour as the cornerstone of building a moderately prosperous society in all aspects. President Xi's personal commitment was apparent in his over 50 inspection trips to impoverished areas, covering every one of the country's 14 extremely impoverished regional clusters.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">A Practical Approach</p><p style="text-align: justify;">What sets China's approach apart is its practicality and relevance. This is precisely what PNG needs. The issue of extreme poverty is a universal challenge that transcends political systems. Leaders must venture into rural areas, engage with the residents of villages and wards, and take note of their unique difficulties.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoY4cWFVVZtrgpoowm1r6Hc3ZUsDPiFyv0tzW5KAzRYp0c0TaexyI22lriL98u5uP6wV67bNW8nIcoMQTkMCpR0oY2dl8LG06Zg8MP9vxMeqMVzkdUR8xwmx6VHcawyfYSHz9Figl-gYEuoiSwKa6KefjJlHKLBQh33Q2L2pdR7Y496GCWiiUgxX5Trmoj/s4000/f228218080.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="4000" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoY4cWFVVZtrgpoowm1r6Hc3ZUsDPiFyv0tzW5KAzRYp0c0TaexyI22lriL98u5uP6wV67bNW8nIcoMQTkMCpR0oY2dl8LG06Zg8MP9vxMeqMVzkdUR8xwmx6VHcawyfYSHz9Figl-gYEuoiSwKa6KefjJlHKLBQh33Q2L2pdR7Y496GCWiiUgxX5Trmoj/w640-h480/f228218080.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Population Disparity</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It's worth noting that China and PNG differ significantly in terms of population size. Despite this, China has been able to meet the basic needs of its citizens, including food, clothing, compulsory education, basic healthcare, and housing security. China has also offered tailored medical treatments to over 20 million impoverished patients and implemented social aid programs covering more than 24 million people, including those facing difficult circumstances and individuals with disabilities.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Local Solutions</p><p style="text-align: justify;">A key element of China's success lies in the localization of solutions. The design of their poverty alleviation program involved identifying over 800 of the poorest counties across the nation, representing approximately 30% of China's total land area. Over a million officials were assigned the task of studying and understanding the unique nature of each of these counties. Local officials and leadership in each county were provided with the tools and the freedom to develop tailored poverty alleviation solutions.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Bilateral Relations</p><p style="text-align: justify;">PNG can also benefit from fostering cordial bilateral relations with China. Through mutually beneficial cooperation, PNG can facilitate educational opportunities for its citizens to study programs of their choice in China. The knowledge and expertise gained from these programs can then be harnessed to engage in a similar poverty alleviation program at the local government level, specifically at the district and ward levels. These returning individuals can help formulate strategies that are well-suited to PNG's unique context and level of development.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In Conclusion</p><p style="text-align: justify;">China's extraordinary success in eradicating extreme poverty stands as a shining example for nations like Papua New Guinea. By putting poverty alleviation at the forefront of governance, adopting practical strategies, and exploring bilateral cooperation, PNG can embark on a path of transformation that will ultimately improve the lives of its citizens and propel the nation toward a brighter future. China has shown us that modern-day miracles are possible, and it's a blueprint that PNG can certainly follow.</p>Bernard Singu Yegiorahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14827767310793907088noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2781362295511139561.post-48337755626616132662023-10-22T14:29:00.002+10:002023-10-22T14:33:30.064+10:00Unlocking Papua New Guinea's Potential: A Comprehensive Overview of the Unique Area Studies Program<p style="text-align: justify;">In a world that's constantly evolving, the need for specialized education programs is ever more critical. In this article, we will explore the intricacies of a <a href="https://www.dwu.ac.pg/en/index.php/study-dwu/faculty-of-arts-and-social-sciences/dep-of-png-studies-international-relations">unique and multidisciplinary area studies program</a> with a singular focus on Papua New Guinea. This program is designed to shape the minds of individuals who will, in turn, help steer PNG toward a brighter future.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Understanding Papua New Guinea: The Core Aims of the Program</b></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Papua New Guinea, a diverse nation with a multitude of indigenous peoples, boasts a rich tapestry of cultures, each with its unique identity. The area studies program is the key to unlocking the secrets of this extraordinary nation. This multidisciplinary initiative delves deep into four core disciplines - culture studies, political studies, community development, and international relations. These fields have been meticulously derived from the seven Strategic Focus Areas of the Vision 2050 Strategic Plan.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The overarching goal of this program is to create experts whose area of specialization is Papua New Guinea. These individuals are armed with the knowledge and skills required to address the nation's multifaceted challenges. Whether it's devising more effective policies, legislation, or implementing ethical development initiatives, these graduates are the driving force behind positive change.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Moreover, the program aims to nurture global citizens who think creatively about the 21st-century challenges facing PNG. By equipping them with a profound understanding of the country's unique cultures and geography, the program empowers graduates to predict political outcomes, prevent conflicts, and stimulate community-level development.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-aG91arhrz1hwvEpdKcgIkG1uXnt5NEhY7_iRmGGw7OA4ocq0EmWd3oF2hOjOvvP5QIS2O6W2qwiLsq74FH5g8G_YCMoaDk1pnLWBO96ZZDYwy6SxrMTJu2pYxWISjXefo1pcAvDDZAzLJ3reATiJI3vNNrZwMTE_NEljxFP1YY90xKm1Y0N81SU_SJne/s1380/PGIR.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="754" data-original-width="1380" height="350" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-aG91arhrz1hwvEpdKcgIkG1uXnt5NEhY7_iRmGGw7OA4ocq0EmWd3oF2hOjOvvP5QIS2O6W2qwiLsq74FH5g8G_YCMoaDk1pnLWBO96ZZDYwy6SxrMTJu2pYxWISjXefo1pcAvDDZAzLJ3reATiJI3vNNrZwMTE_NEljxFP1YY90xKm1Y0N81SU_SJne/w640-h350/PGIR.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Photo by Lenorah Welly and Margaret Uguro<br /></td></tr></tbody></table></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>The Rationale Behind the Program: Aligning with National and University Goals</b></p><p style="text-align: justify;">The significance of this area studies program goes far beyond the academic realm. Aligned with the seven Strategic Focus Areas of the Vision 2050 Strategic Plan and the University's Third Decade Strategic Master Plan, the program plays a crucial role in shaping the future of the nation.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">By offering a <a href="https://www.dwu.ac.pg/en/index.php/programs/173-programs-fass/fass-undergrad-ft/fass-undergrad-ft-pgir/402-bachelor-of-arts-papua-new-guinea-and-international-studies">curriculum</a> that aligns with these strategic plans, graduates are uniquely poised to comprehend PNG and its interactions with other countries and international organizations. This strategic alignment also contributes to achieving Strategic Focus Area One (human development) and Strategic Objective One (student transformation) in both strategic plans. Graduates are equipped with the knowledge and expertise to promote development, gender equality, and social policies in collaboration with government and non-government organizations.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Additionally, the program plays a pivotal role in training the next generation of Foreign Service officers. These officers, well-versed in foreign policy decision-making, help PNG assert its presence on the global stage. The program's success can be measured through the thirteen graduates already making a difference at the Department of Foreign Affairs.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Internationally, area studies programs have proven their worth by preparing students for careers in intelligence agencies, security organizations, multinational corporations, and research institutions. The program has the potential to serve as a pre-intelligence or security-training pathway for aspiring professionals in these fields. The Department is actively seeking partnerships with these organizations to create new employment and career opportunities for its graduates.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In essence, the program's impact on PNG's future cannot be overstated.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Market Analysis, Career Opportunities, and Stakeholder Input</b></p><p style="text-align: justify;">One unique aspect of this program is its exclusivity. There is no other university in the country or any area studies program worldwide that focuses on Papua New Guinea. This exclusivity, combined with the nation's growing emphasis on development, positions graduates for a bright future.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">While there hasn't been extensive research into the program's demand, it is clear that career opportunities have grown exponentially. Private sector organizations, including Steamships, Exxon Mobil, the Brian Bell Group, and the Bank South Pacific, have actively recruited graduates through their Graduate Development Programs. Similarly, the Department has seen graduates placed in key roles at the Department of Foreign Affairs and PNG Customs Services, paving the way for future collaboration with security organizations.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">With the government's push for increased downstream processing and mining activities, more multinational corporations are seeking graduates to work in their community affairs or government relations divisions. This spells opportunity for those who complete the program, with some already making their mark in such roles.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Furthermore, the National Research Institute's plans to establish a research division focused on international relations and security will create further opportunities for graduates who have honed their research and international relations skills. Several former graduates are already serving as cadet researchers and have successfully transitioned to public service careers.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The program has also sought input from stakeholders, including alumni. Their extensive feedback highlights the necessity for more practical experience and career opportunities. They suggest forming more partnerships with organizations and departments to facilitate these opportunities and recommend refining the program's disciplines to better align with graduates' job searches.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">While formal feedback from employers and organizations has been limited, the program remains open to input from stakeholders, with plans to include topics like 'treaty making' in its international relations units, per a request from the Department of Foreign Affairs.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In conclusion, the Papua New Guinea Area Studies Program is a unique and valuable initiative that is shaping the nation's future leaders, fostering international cooperation, and preparing graduates for diverse career opportunities. The program's alignment with strategic plans, focus on exclusive education, and dedication to continuous improvement underscore its importance in PNG's evolving landscape. As the program continues to evolve, it remains an essential asset in shaping the future of Papua New Guinea.</p>Bernard Singu Yegiorahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14827767310793907088noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2781362295511139561.post-80494629138003495362023-10-16T17:01:00.001+10:002023-11-10T17:30:06.445+10:00PNG's Controversial Shift: Examining the Jerusalem Embassy Decision<p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
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<p style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The recent condemnation of the Hamas attack on Israel by Prime
Minister James Marape and Foreign Affairs Secretary Elias Wohengu reflects
their commitment to denounce violence in the contemporary world. Marape <a href="emphasizes">emphasizes</a> the incompatibility of war-related violence
with modern values, while Wohengu characterizes the Hamas attack as <a href="https://www.postcourier.com.pg/foreign-affairs-secretary-condemns-attack-by-hamas/">“barbaric,
unprovoked, atrocious, and callous”</a>. Importantly, Wohengu also calls upon
Israel to exercise greater care in protecting civilians in Gaza.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">However, PNG's distinctive foreign policy approach has raised
concerns within the international community. Marape and Wohengu have not
officially acknowledged PNG's bold move to open its embassy in Jerusalem, a
decision that defies international law and UN Security Council resolutions.
Hamas Spokesman Jehad Taha has brought attention to this <a href="https://hamas.ps/en/post/4903/Hamas-condemns-Papua-New-Guinea-s-decision-to-open-embassy-in-occupied-Jerusalem">breach</a>
and urged PNG to reconsider its ties with Israel. Notably, the Marape
Government has not yet issued a formal response to this critique.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Criticism extends beyond Hamas, with the Palestine Ministry of
Foreign Affairs and Expatriates, the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, and
Jordan<a href="https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/497525/palestine-furious-at-png-prime-minister-opening-embassy-in-jerusalem">
condemning</a> PNG's decision. They <a href="https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/pacific/png-jerusalem-embassy-09082023035802.html">perceive</a>
PNG's actions as aggressive towards the Palestinian people and their rights,
hindering the prospects of achieving peace through a two-state solution.
Furthermore, they categorize PNG and the United States as allies of Israel, thereby
designating them as adversaries.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Domestically, the Opposition Leader Joseph Lelang <a href="https://www.blogger.com/">cautioned</a> Prime Minister Marape, expressing
concerns about the wisdom of opening the embassy. He pointed out that not many
countries worldwide have moved their embassies from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem.
Lelang called for transparency in explaining the strategic interests served by
this decision for the nation as a whole.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">PNG's current foreign policy stance concerning Israel <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/faith-trade-behind-papua-new-guineas-jerusalem-embassy-2023-09-01/">appears</a>
to be predominantly influenced by religious considerations rather than a
secular analysis of the situation. Prime Minister Marape asserts that
recognizing Jerusalem as the universal capital of the Israeli people and nation
is crucial to preserve PNG's identity as a Christian nation. This perspective
is echoed by religious leaders, such as Pastor Joseph Walters, who represented
the Christian community during the embassy's opening in Jerusalem. They <a href="https://www2.cbn.com/news/israel/israel-hopeful-embassy-moves-jerusalem-could-double-next-year">believe</a>
that strengthening connections with Israel will bring blessings to the country,
as promised by God in the book of Genesis. The Christian populace shares this
sentiment. Pastor Peter Harut, representing a Christian Zionist group, <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/faith-trade-behind-papua-new-guineas-jerusalem-embassy-2023-09-01/">emphasizes</a>
the long-awaited nature of this decision, underscoring its profound
significance in a religious context.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://static.timesofisrael.com/www/uploads/2023/09/WhatsApp-Image-2023-09-05-at-20.49.58-e1693942562536.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="800" height="500" src="https://static.timesofisrael.com/www/uploads/2023/09/WhatsApp-Image-2023-09-05-at-20.49.58-e1693942562536.jpeg" width="800" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Photo from <a href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/citing-god-of-israel-papua-new-guinea-opens-jerusalem-embassy/">The Times of Israel</a><br /></td></tr></tbody></table></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In contrast, the previous government under Peter O'Neill adopted a
more secular perspective. In 2018, <a href="https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/349970/png-govt-defends-vote-againt-us-recognition-of-jerusalem">PNG
voted against the US recognition of Jerusalem</a>, prioritizing global peace
over religious considerations. Then Foreign Affairs Minister Rimbink Pato <a href="https://loopfiji-sb.com/png-news/pato-clarifies-png%E2%80%99s-vote-71507">emphasized</a>
the UN's longstanding stance for Israel to coexist peacefully with its neighbours,
with the aim of facilitating peace talks without the added complexity of the
capital city issue.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">During O'Neill and Pato's tenure, PNG's foreign policy approach to
the Israeli-Palestinian conflict aligned with the principle of 'Friends to all
and enemies to none' and their central foreign policy vision of 'Connecting for
peace and prosperity in a changing world.' Under their leadership, <a href="https://www.looppng.com/png-news/png-votes-against-us-stance-71479">PNG
joined 128 other UN member countries</a> in rejecting the contentious proposal
by then-US President Donald Trump to recognize Jerusalem as Israel's capital.
Several Pacific nations, including the Marshall Islands, Federated States of
Micronesia, Nauru, and Palau, sided with the United States on this matter,
while Australia, Fiji, Kiribati, Tuvalu, and Vanuatu chose to abstain from the
vote.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The shift in PNG's foreign policy may have played a role in
provoking Hamas and triggering recent violence. This change involved opening an
embassy in Jerusalem and accepting financial support from Israel, potentially
influencing the Operation Al-Aqsa Flood. Notably, Prime Minister Marape, who
was part of the O'Neill Government in 2018, altered the policy for religious
reasons, despite his understanding of the previous UN vote's rationale. This
transformation highlights the increasing influence of <a href="https://blogs.griffith.edu.au/asiainsights/why-did-papua-new-guinea-move-its-embassy-in-israel-to-jerusalem-from-economics-to-faith/">religious
groups</a> in the country.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The absence of advice from PNG's Ambassador to the UN and various
government entities, such as the Department of Foreign Affairs and security
sector agencies, raises crucial questions about the risks associated with
opening an embassy in Jerusalem. If such advice was indeed provided, the
decision-making process within the Marape Government warrants scrutiny.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Furthermore, the contrast between Marape's <a href="https://www.thenational.com.pg/marape-condemns-hamas-attack-on-israel/">emphasis</a>
on the importance of the international community uniting under the UN charter
and human rights principles and his government's disregard for several UN
Security Council resolutions and the stance taken during the 2018 UN General
Assembly vote raises concerns about the coherence of PNG's evolving foreign
policy.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The Marape Government's foreign policy shift has taken PNG into
uncharted territory in international relations. In this new and potentially
precarious era, it would be advisable for the country to develop a
comprehensive Foreign Policy White Paper, aligned with the National Security
Policy and the Defence White Paper. Such a document should outline how PNG
plans to address the challenges arising from the deteriorating situation in
Israel and its evolving role in the international arena.</span></p>
Bernard Singu Yegiorahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14827767310793907088noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2781362295511139561.post-80503238144968889002023-09-09T09:13:00.003+10:002023-09-09T09:13:45.050+10:00Introducing the English School Theory: A Fresh Perspective on International Relations<p style="text-align: justify;">In the ever-evolving landscape of international relations, theories like liberalism and realism have long held sway. However, there's a relatively new kid on the block - the English School Theory (EST). In this blog post, we'll delve into the fundamentals of EST, with a particular focus on the concept of "international society."</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The Birth of English School Theory</p><p style="text-align: justify;">EST isn't just any theory; it's distinctly British. It emerged from the collaboration of academics and practitioners across various disciplines in what's known as the British Committee. This collective effort gave rise to a unique theoretical framework that offers analysts, researchers, and students a fresh lens through which to examine the intricate interactions between states and non-state actors on the global stage.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The Multidimensional Reality of International Relations</p><p style="text-align: justify;">EST contends that international relations are a complex tapestry, one that cannot be neatly reduced to a single element like power, interest, cooperation, or norms. Instead, it embraces the idea of "plural phenomena," acknowledging that numerous factors contribute to our understanding of international relations.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Robert Jackson, as cited by Buzan, describes EST as a theory that recognizes international relations as a realm encompassing not only power, prudence, wealth, and capability but also elements like recognition, association, membership, equality, equity, legitimate interests, rights, reciprocity, customs, conventions, agreements, disagreements, disputes, offenses, injuries, damages, reparations, and more. In essence, it adopts a rich and diverse vocabulary of human conduct to explain global interactions.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The Core Elements of English School Theory</p><p style="text-align: justify;">EST has two core elements that distinguish it from other theories. The first is the presence of three key concepts: international society, international system, and world society. Today, let's explore the first of these key concepts: international society.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">International Society: A Reflection of Domestic Society</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The concept of "international society" is pervasive in EST literature. In many ways, it mirrors our understanding of domestic societies, where shared commonalities, both tangible and intangible, unite us as a collective. For instance, in our domestic society, we might identify as citizens of a particular country and recognize national symbols that hold special significance. These symbols, whether they appear on official documents, currency, clothing, or even as tattoos, serve as tangible and intangible bonds that define our identity.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Similarly, in international society, states come together based on shared interests and identities, fostering a sense of belonging and common purpose. Buzan emphasizes that international society is more than just a set of rules; it's about the institutionalization of shared norms, rules, and institutions among states. It draws parallels with regime theory but goes deeper by influencing the very constitution of states' behavior.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">While international society lacks a centralized authority like domestic societies, it operates based on states' perceptions of one another. Commonalities such as religion, governance systems, languages, or sets of rules and norms influence state behavior and define the boundaries of this social system.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Debate Within International Society</p><p style="text-align: justify;">One key aspect of the study of international society centers on the ongoing debate between pluralists and solidarists. Pluralists contend that principles like sovereignty and non-intervention limit international society to minimal rules for coexistence. In contrast, solidarists argue that international society can establish a broader range of norms, rules, and institutions, encompassing not only coexistence but also cooperative efforts and even collective enforcement of shared interests.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Bull and Watson define international society as a group of states (or independent political communities) that not only form a system but also establish dialogue, consent to common rules and institutions, and recognize their mutual interest in upholding these arrangements.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In summary, the English School Theory offers a unique perspective on international relations, with its concept of international society shining as a critical element in understanding the intricate web of global interactions. It reminds us that, much like in our own societies, shared values and norms can play a profound role in shaping our world.</p>Bernard Singu Yegiorahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14827767310793907088noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2781362295511139561.post-8063660377852190882023-09-06T10:14:00.003+10:002023-09-06T10:14:31.586+10:00Forging a Path of Progress: Balancing Ideologies and Leadership for National Development<p>Striking a Harmonious Balance</p><div class="flex flex-grow flex-col gap-3"><div class="min-h-[20px] flex flex-col items-start gap-3 overflow-x-auto whitespace-pre-wrap break-words"><div class="markdown prose w-full break-words dark:prose-invert light"><p>In the intricate landscape of nation-building, the fusion of ideologies and the caliber of leadership play pivotal roles in shaping the destiny of a country. The case study of Deng's reforms in China underscores the possibility of amalgamating distinct ideologies for the sake of progress. Through the lens of Confucian-Taoistic Dialectics of Harmonization, where liberalism and socialism coalesce, a harmonious co-existence emerges, offering valuable insights for nations seeking a balanced path forward.</p><p>In this exploration, the focus shifts to Papua New Guinea (PNG), where an analysis of challenges such as corruption sheds light on the importance of harmonizing ideologies and selecting high-caliber leaders to guide the nation towards a brighter future. By evaluating the delicate balance of individual rights, political leadership, and institutional reforms, we unveil a roadmap for sustainable growth and development.</p><p>Crafting a New Paradigm</p><p>Elevating Political Leadership</p><p>A deep dive into PNG's democratic fabric reveals that unbridled individual rights can inadvertently foster corruption and hinder development. In light of this, a recommendation is proposed to refine the right to contest for public office. By amending certain sections of the Organic Law on National and Local-Level Government Elections, the nomination process can be aligned with a criterion that emphasizes education and professional experience.</p><p>Defining Criteria for Leadership Selection</p><p>Introducing eligibility criteria rooted in education and experience safeguards against ill-equipped leaders assuming power. By mandating candidates to possess tertiary or technical education along with a specified duration of professional experience, the nation can elevate leadership standards. This approach not only cultivates a new generation of competent leaders but also nurtures a culture of accountability and transparency.</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrhddam467oz9L4lOc6jFqFKilrngQZVTq7pe5ng-A61YgslICtFGRIlCGhND3NWP8NyhlNZP2vqQGjDbl5xtw2njsveFaSvLnnBWPIRIg5qZG48FdBemFCbZO991pUyZmUgJkByhtEZZq8ZjC4IDe1BJIeim2M2BEqTm3_WygFJ3CxCJshw65SyUdgnAH/s4128/20210906_121007.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1956" data-original-width="4128" height="304" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrhddam467oz9L4lOc6jFqFKilrngQZVTq7pe5ng-A61YgslICtFGRIlCGhND3NWP8NyhlNZP2vqQGjDbl5xtw2njsveFaSvLnnBWPIRIg5qZG48FdBemFCbZO991pUyZmUgJkByhtEZZq8ZjC4IDe1BJIeim2M2BEqTm3_WygFJ3CxCJshw65SyUdgnAH/w640-h304/20210906_121007.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p>Balancing Advantages and Disadvantages</p><p>However, this recommendation raises concerns about elitism and potential manipulation by privileged individuals. The envisioned reforms necessitate meticulous calibration to avoid perpetuating inequality and corruption. Balancing the benefits of well-educated leaders against the risk of exclusion requires an intricate deliberation that addresses the needs of both educated and traditional leadership.</p><p>Empowering Bureaucratic Excellence</p><p>Quality political leadership is incomplete without an empowered bureaucracy. Reforms should extend to the selection of departmental heads based on merit, free from political patronage. This unbiased selection process ensures that the machinery of public service functions cohesively, advancing national goals with professionalism and integrity.</p><p>Strengthening Political Parties</p><p>The integrity of political parties is paramount in shaping the nation's trajectory. These parties should embrace the same criterion for leadership selection, nurturing a pool of capable candidates who uphold the nation's interests. By aligning party platforms with the proposed leadership qualifications, PNG can foster the emergence of leaders deeply attuned to the needs of the people.</p><p>Forging a Weapon Against Corruption</p><p>The menace of corruption demands a formidable response. To address this, the establishment of the Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC). Empowered by an independent mandate, the ICAC's multi-divisional structure tackles corruption through investigation, prosecution, intelligence-sharing, and public awareness campaigns.</p><p>Elevating Penalties for Corruption</p><p>To deter corruption, penalties should be strengthened. Imposing rigorous penalties, especially for leaders found guilty of corruption in office, will send a resounding message that integrity must guide leadership. By revising existing laws, PNG can ensure that the consequences of corruption reflect the gravity of the offense.</p><p>Towards a Synthesis of Progress</p><p>The journey towards national progress requires a carefully woven tapestry of ideologies and leadership. Through a calculated blend of Confucian-Taoistic principles, a new paradigm emerges for PNG. Balancing individual rights with stringent criteria for leadership nomination sets the foundation for a competent and ethical leadership class. Augmented by bureaucratic excellence, strengthened political parties, and an empowered anti-corruption institution, PNG can steer towards prosperity and unity.</p><p>In a world of dynamic challenges, the experiences of Deng's China offer guidance. As PNG fashions its path forward, it must harness the lessons of history, blending ideologies and sculpting leadership to navigate towards a harmonious and thriving future. The synthesis of progress lies in balancing ideals, steering towards a shared vision of prosperity, and nurturing leaders who can forge a legacy of integrity and prosperity.</p></div></div></div>Bernard Singu Yegiorahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14827767310793907088noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2781362295511139561.post-29939982366252753922023-09-06T09:44:00.002+10:002023-10-22T14:12:54.866+10:00Exploring the 'Look North' Policy: Pacific Countries' Shift towards China<p style="text-align: justify;">In recent years, the 'Look North' policy approach has garnered significant attention and debate among developing countries in the Pacific region. Although geographically speaking, China may not be directly north of countries like Papua New Guinea (PNG) and Fiji, it is figuratively the focal point of this policy shift.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The genesis of this transformation dates back to the 1980s, and it continues to shape the foreign policy decisions of Pacific nations today. The core motivation behind this strategic pivot is the desire to learn from China's remarkable model of development and position themselves strategically to benefit from the nation's rapid growth.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">One of the latest countries to embrace the 'Look North' policy is the Solomon Islands, marking a significant foreign policy change after 36 years. The Solomon Islands now align themselves with the 'One China' policy, viewing Taiwan as an integral part of mainland China rather than an independent nation. This move opens doors for them to participate in the One Belt One Road Initiative.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">PNG established diplomatic ties with China in 1976, under the 'Friends to All and Enemies to None' foreign policy approach. Remarkably, PNG, a democracy, managed to cultivate amicable relations with communist China, transcending ideological divides.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrxPcmkJpEhZJWbkBuuA5eI90XpyCyBap-k3Zu70jFWrfrvxEk8UoOaif73GHAzlIGMjyXYLwGf8JIOpx7O8mxAvYqfR3i15PbslIgUQ1SuLA_YLWns5yuOSLWKrjPsAMMRbYCJ_cjWiqOJy6dMUU_IZG1RnQHdoxg9UVLIZ80aMHmEo4PIvPKAqd4fHWo/s4128/20210825_123108.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4128" data-original-width="1956" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrxPcmkJpEhZJWbkBuuA5eI90XpyCyBap-k3Zu70jFWrfrvxEk8UoOaif73GHAzlIGMjyXYLwGf8JIOpx7O8mxAvYqfR3i15PbslIgUQ1SuLA_YLWns5yuOSLWKrjPsAMMRbYCJ_cjWiqOJy6dMUU_IZG1RnQHdoxg9UVLIZ80aMHmEo4PIvPKAqd4fHWo/w455-h640/20210825_123108.jpg" width="455" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A picture tour of a Lahui Ako's life as a diplomat in China from 2003-2007<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;">In 1994, then-Prime Minister Paias Wingti unveiled the 'Look North' policy with the original intent of reducing national dependence on Australia. The goal was to diversify and strengthen relations with China and other Asian countries. This shift was driven by the growing influence of Asian countries, particularly China, which was emerging as a powerful and promising partner for economic opportunities, trade, and investments.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">However, an important critique voiced by Philip Mitna was that Wingti's administration struggled to communicate the 'Look North' policy effectively at the organizational level within the bureaucracy. This lack of clarity led to difficulties in determining key decision-makers, purposes, and alignment with national interests, resulting in a lack of a clear, practical policy framework.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This situation somewhat mirrors the current 'Food Basket' vision articulated by Prime Minister James Marape, who aims to look towards Southeast Asia. However, for such a policy shift to succeed, a well-defined written policy approach is essential, learning from the past mistakes during the 'lost decade of the 1990s' as outlined by Mitna.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Mitna also highlights that PNG did indeed benefit from the 'Look North' policy. It strengthened relations with various Asian countries, providing opportunities for Asian businesses and state-owned enterprises to tap into PNG's resources, leading to increased aid and investments from China.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The theory of liberalism, particularly the sub-theory of commercial liberalism, can help explain the 'Look North' policy. Commercial liberalism emphasizes free trade between states, which can decrease the likelihood of conflict and contribute to the economic development of developing countries like PNG.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">However, Mitna points out that while trade was discussed during Wingti's tenure, the government's inability to formulate a coherent trade policy resulted in ad hoc and conflicting rules and regulations. Moreover, there was a disconnect between trade policy and other key economic, sectoral, and social policy areas.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">To capitalize fully on the Asian century and the One Belt One Road Initiative, PNG must conduct in-depth research into international trade. A coherent trade policy that aligns with national interests is crucial. Understanding the Chinese trading system and network is imperative to avoid policy misalignment and make the most of this transformative era.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In conclusion, the 'Look North' policy represents a significant foreign policy shift for Pacific nations, driven by the desire to learn from China's development model and strategically position themselves for economic opportunities. To succeed in this endeavor, clear communication, coherent policy frameworks, and a deep understanding of international trade dynamics are essential. The lessons from the past should guide the Pacific region towards a prosperous future in the Asian century.</p>Bernard Singu Yegiorahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14827767310793907088noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2781362295511139561.post-43556915595672889802023-08-15T00:44:00.002+10:002023-08-15T00:45:13.543+10:00The Remarkable Transformation: Deng Xiaoping's Reformation and China's Economic Rise<p style="text-align: justify;">In the realm of history, the term "reformation" carries a profound significance. It encapsulates the eradication of abuses, particularly in the political sphere, and the pursuit of improvement. As a noun derived from the verb "reform," which denotes the act of making something better, reformation embodies the essence of progress and change. Throughout human history, societies have continually strived to enhance their way of life. One such striking example of determination for change can be found in the reform initiatives undertaken by Deng Xiaoping, which played a pivotal role in reshaping the course of China's development.</p><div class="flex flex-grow flex-col gap-3" style="text-align: justify;"><div class="min-h-[20px] flex flex-col items-start gap-3 overflow-x-auto whitespace-pre-wrap break-words"><div class="markdown prose w-full break-words dark:prose-invert light"><p><b>The Visionary Reformer: Deng Xiaoping</b></p><p>Deng Xiaoping, also known as Teng Hsiao-ping, stands as a towering figure in the annals of Chinese Communist history. His strategic thinking was profoundly influenced by Confucian-Taoistic Dialectics of Harmonization, a perspective deeply rooted in the Chinese heritage. Deng's reform endeavors were further shaped by the paradigm of neoliberalism, often referred to as the 'Washington Consensus,' which advocated for market-oriented policies. This approach gained prominence in the 1980s and was fostered by international organizations such as the IMF and the World Bank, influenced to some extent by American dominance.</p><p>However, beyond the influences that shaped his vision, Deng's personal journey played a significant role in fueling his determination for reform. Having endured disgrace during the Cultural Revolution and grappling with personal tragedies, including his son's paralysis, Deng's desire for change was deeply personal. Destiny led him to become China's paramount leader following Mao Zedong's death in 1976, paving the way for a profound transformation.</p><p><b>Embarking on Modernization</b></p><p>By the 1980s, China found itself in the throes of modernization. The Modernization theory of development posited that technological advancement was integral to industrialization, categorizing nations lacking technology as 'undeveloped.' China's isolation from the international community hindered its progress, as access to crucial technology was limited. Deng recognized this predicament and championed the idea of opening up to the world, ushering China into the era of globalization.</p><p>Deng's reform agenda, encapsulated in the philosophy of 'Gaige Kaifang' or Reforms and Openness, triggered significant shifts in China's domestic and international landscape. The 'Four Modernizations,' encompassing agriculture, industry, science and technology, and the military, became the bedrock of China's ascent. These ambitious goals converged to create a 'Socialist market economy,' a novel approach blending socialist ideals with market dynamics.</p><p><b>Economic Metamorphosis</b></p><p>At the 5th National People's Congress (NPC) meeting in 1979, a comprehensive economic strategy emerged, emphasizing Readjustment, Reconstruction, Consolidation, and Improvement. This strategy aimed to reshape China's economy by revitalizing agriculture, light and heavy industries, energy, and transportation. However, the remarkable departure came in the form of two groundbreaking principles: Free Enterprise and Decentralization.</p><p>The incorporation of 'free enterprise' marked a significant pivot towards capitalism, with factories assuming accountability for profits and losses, individuals establishing collective enterprises, and workers investing in their workplaces. This capitalist element, skillfully interwoven with China's planned economy, fostered economic growth and adhered to the neoliberal theory of development.</p><p>Conversely, 'decentralization' dismantled Mao's centralized planning, empowering provinces to engage in autonomous economic decision-making. This paradigm shift led to the emergence of Township and Village Enterprises, propelling rural firms to compete and contributing to China's export prowess. Furthermore, foreign and domestically-owned private firms were encouraged, catalyzing economic growth through export-led strategies.</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjky1FcSulmPOXZrMigjenoSAX5bFayN04VIyKI49Ye_NOOpwOuq_t3wBthX4ucRv4p6lNOcJgADt3CCR1jGEAJRBrsPXzNU1jtc94b4juIBmbGFyZ8wmIy3_PyGe1zSnmxy_eZjEVkfOzQnuHP-_o1YTQHnob_JdHDL5DyEGdXf9-Ee5D5Tm2oZQU_Yn3u/s4000/f228257312.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="4000" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjky1FcSulmPOXZrMigjenoSAX5bFayN04VIyKI49Ye_NOOpwOuq_t3wBthX4ucRv4p6lNOcJgADt3CCR1jGEAJRBrsPXzNU1jtc94b4juIBmbGFyZ8wmIy3_PyGe1zSnmxy_eZjEVkfOzQnuHP-_o1YTQHnob_JdHDL5DyEGdXf9-Ee5D5Tm2oZQU_Yn3u/w640-h480/f228257312.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p><b>Achievements on the Global Stage</b></p><p>Under Deng's visionary leadership, China's relations with the West underwent a remarkable transformation. Deng's diplomatic overtures yielded a visit to the US in 1979, signaling a significant thawing in Sino-US relations. This visit prompted the US to shift diplomatic recognition from Taiwan to the People's Republic of China (PRC). Additionally, Deng's strategic maneuvers in the international arena improved Sino-Japanese relations and set the stage for the future handover of Hong Kong and Macau.</p><p><b>Societal Changes and Progress</b></p><p>Internally, Deng's reforms heralded dramatic improvements in living standards and labor productivity. The transition from communal farming to individual household-based agriculture led to increased productivity and surplus production. The infusion of private enterprise principles also propelled savings rates and the availability of credit, spurring consumerism and invigorating the economy.</p><p>Deng's policies also opened doors for education abroad, nurturing an educated elite that contributed to China's development. The surge in tourism and foreign currency exchange further bolstered the economy, making China a global destination.</p><p><b>Synthesis of Systems</b></p><p>Deng's legacy is defined by the synthesis he achieved between contrasting ideologies. By embracing Market Socialism, he skillfully balanced the benefits of capitalism with the ideals of socialism. Deng's vision was not to dismantle Marxism but to infuse it with Chinese characteristics, fostering an environment where state ownership and market forces could coexist harmoniously.</p><p><b>Conclusion</b></p><p>The reformation spearheaded by Deng Xiaoping stands as a testament to the remarkable transformations possible through visionary leadership and strategic policymaking. His blending of socialist principles with market dynamics, coupled with the infusion of elements from Western economic ideologies, propelled China from a stagnant nation to an economic powerhouse. Deng's legacy is not just a chapter in history but a blueprint for fostering progress through calculated change and harmonious synthesis. The dragon had awakened, and under Deng's guidance, it soared to new heights, forever altering China's trajectory on the global stage.</p></div></div></div>Bernard Singu Yegiorahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14827767310793907088noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2781362295511139561.post-10367912055265182402023-08-14T10:52:00.005+10:002023-08-14T10:52:41.045+10:00Exploring the Ideological Divide: Democracy and Communism through Dialectical Philosophy<div class="flex flex-grow flex-col gap-3" style="text-align: justify;"><div class="min-h-[20px] flex flex-col items-start gap-3 overflow-x-auto whitespace-pre-wrap break-words"><div class="markdown prose w-full break-words dark:prose-invert light"><p>Human history has been shaped by the ebb and flow of ideas, and perhaps nothing exemplifies this more than the ideological chasm between Communism and Democracy. From the dawn of civilization, societies have evolved through various stages – from Feudalism to Capitalism – all while grappling with the quest for governance and order. These pursuits have often led to conflicts and wars, and the most prominent instance in the recent past was the Cold War, a clash of Democratic-Capitalism and Communism. </p><p>To gain deeper insights into this ideological schism, let's turn our attention to Dialectical Philosophy, a framework that illuminates the dynamics of change and interaction.</p><p><strong>The Essence of Dialectical Philosophy</strong></p><p></p><blockquote>"Dialectic is a process of interacting between two or more things each of which is causally influencing the other in such a way that each develops through such interaction. That is, each while retaining its own integrity, changes not only as a consequence of being influenced by the other but also as a consequence of its own influences on the other that in turn influence it." - Archie Bahm, "Epistemology". </blockquote><p></p><p>This dialectical process is not confined to abstract philosophy; it operates within natural organisms, phenomena, and social entities. Humanity, as a natural organism endowed with reasoning capabilities, has constructed intricate social organizations through the process of inferential thinking. This unique mode of thinking involves apprehension, judgment, and reasoning, ultimately leading to inference, argument, and dialogue. This cognitive ability, is universal across cultures, transcending geographical and historical divides. Without inferential thinking, characterized by dialogue and argumentation, human progress and the accumulation of new knowledge would stagnate.</p><p>Interestingly, dialectical thinking was hindered in societies steeped in faith and superstition. The ancient Greeks, with luminaries like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, marked a turning point by embracing dialectical reasoning, which blossomed into scientific thinking and modernity. They replaced explanations rooted in divine intervention with those based on empirical evidence.</p><p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipX0IbxoQOlv9W8IRBIHqRTSZk9-FQ5PuRXApSAbDVdsVgGQDocaHuQzfHq4-eFVKJ7AMo8xdameSyIFTBLoHZJoECrCB6NBdljUFbZwtneeRojmo3Wn_YD0aBEtbsnWoVKtIpgPlSZNS4UyiAHMqJ8_l78hGr5QFEploXzQphtf70CB6DwnJC1lhQlFZ0/s496/HegelMarx.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="284" data-original-width="496" height="366" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipX0IbxoQOlv9W8IRBIHqRTSZk9-FQ5PuRXApSAbDVdsVgGQDocaHuQzfHq4-eFVKJ7AMo8xdameSyIFTBLoHZJoECrCB6NBdljUFbZwtneeRojmo3Wn_YD0aBEtbsnWoVKtIpgPlSZNS4UyiAHMqJ8_l78hGr5QFEploXzQphtf70CB6DwnJC1lhQlFZ0/w640-h366/HegelMarx.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Diagram taken from William Ferea's History and Ideas lecture notes in 2004, University of PNG<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Human Ideas: Foundations of Complex Civilizations</strong></p><p>Human ideas have acted as the bedrock for building intricate civilizations. The Hegelian-Marxist Dialectics of Harmonization posits that within these civilizations lie dialectical processes that foster inevitable change. When ideas are introduced, the dialectical phenomenon unfolds as fallible human minds produce them. The clash of old and new ideas engenders evolution.</p><p>This dialectical premise serves as the foundation for explaining the great ideological divide. Consider the iconic example of Democracy versus Communism, the cornerstone of Western philosophical thought. Democracy stands as the thesis, while Communism opposes as the antithesis. The Cold War, despite its limited physical violence, propelled change, culminating in the synthesis of Capitalism.</p><p><strong>Exploring Democracy: From Ancient Athens to Liberalism</strong></p><p>Democracy, as an ideology, traces its roots back to ancient times, specifically to the city-state of Athens where direct democracy allowed citizens to represent themselves in the People's Assembly. This form, prevalent from around 500 BC to 330 BC, excluded women, slaves, non-residents, and children from citizenship. Modern Democracy, however, emphasizes government by the entire population through elected representatives, constituting Representative Democracy.</p><p>Central to Democracy is the doctrine of Separation of Powers, pivotal in liberal democratic systems. This doctrine splits governance into executive, legislative, and judicial branches, preventing despotism. Furthermore, decentralization, an offshoot of this doctrine, empowers provincial and local governments, safeguarding against tyranny.</p><p>Democracy and its associated values also align with Liberalism, which champions individual rights and freedom of choice. Emerging from the Enlightenment, the Industrial Revolution, and political revolutions, Liberalism advocates limited government intervention and emphasizes progress, reform, and individual liberty.</p><p><strong>Industrial Capitalism: Changing the Socioeconomic Landscape</strong></p><p>The Industrial Revolution ushered in profound societal changes, shifting the focus from agrarian to urban and transforming manufacturing through machinery and artificial power sources. Factories emerged, reshaping the economy and the workforce. The production process evolved from individual artisans to centralized factories, altering labor dynamics. The market economy emerged, driven by free markets and supply-demand principles. However, monopolies and government regulations tempered the idea of a truly free market.</p><p><strong>Communism: A Reaction to Capitalist Exploitation</strong></p><p>Communism, epitomized by Marx's theories, reacted to the exploitation inherent in Capitalism, particularly the bourgeoisie's enrichment at the expense of the proletariat. Marx's "Communist Manifesto" (1848) envisioned a society without classes, advocating state ownership of means of production to achieve wealth equality. Marx's doctrines underwent modification by Lenin, who orchestrated the Russian Revolution and introduced a single-party dictatorship.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: A Divergent Journey</strong></p><p>In the great ideological divide, Democracy and Communism stand as distinct poles. Democracy's evolution spans from ancient Athens to modern representative systems, embodying values of liberty and separation of powers. Capitalism, intertwined with Democracy, fueled the Industrial Revolution and led to the dominance of the bourgeoisie.</p><p>In contrast, Communism emerged as a reaction to Capitalist exploitation, aiming to dismantle class hierarchies through state control. Marx's theories were manifested in Lenin's Russia, leading to the establishment of a single-party Communist system.</p><p>These ideologies, rooted in dialectical thinking, continue to shape our world. The clash of these philosophies encapsulates the complexity of human history and the enduring pursuit of systems that provide governance, equality, and progress.</p></div></div></div>Bernard Singu Yegiorahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14827767310793907088noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2781362295511139561.post-52220467781263774162023-08-13T12:15:00.003+10:002023-08-13T12:15:25.258+10:00The Evolution and Challenges of Democracy in Papua New Guinea<div class="flex flex-grow flex-col gap-3" style="text-align: justify;"><div class="min-h-[20px] flex flex-col items-start gap-3 overflow-x-auto whitespace-pre-wrap break-words"><div class="markdown prose w-full break-words dark:prose-invert light">Papua New Guinea (PNG) boasts a rich history of pre-colonial societies with their own unique political systems. These societies navigated leadership through various means, such as hereditary chiefs, skilled individuals, and networks of relationships. However, the advent of European colonization in the 17th century introduced new political structures that merged with indigenous systems. This article explores the journey of PNG's political evolution from its traditional roots to the present-day democratic framework, while also addressing the challenges that democracy faces in this culturally diverse nation.<p><strong>Traditional Political Systems and the Arrival of Colonization</strong></p><p>Pre-colonial PNG societies showcased diverse political arrangements. Hereditary chiefs and headmen played vital leadership roles across the culturally heterogeneous landscape. The Trobrian Islanders, for example, relied on hereditary chiefs, while other communities recognized the authority of certain clan headmen. In the Highlands, leaders known as 'bigmen' emerged, earning their positions through expertise in various areas like warfare, trading, oratory, and wealth accumulation. European colonization introduced new governance systems, with German Luluais and British village constables leaving their marks.</p><p><strong>The Path to Democracy: Introducing Local Government Councils</strong></p><p>With the transfer of administration to Australia, Local Government Councils were introduced in the 1950s and 1960s. This marked the initiation of democracy in PNG, symbolizing a shift from top-down governance. The United Nations Trusteeship Mission's Foot report urged Australia to establish a new Legislative Assembly with indigenous majority representation, fostering political advancement.</p><p><strong>Adapting the Westminster System</strong></p><p>After independence, PNG embraced a democratic constitution emphasizing liberty, equality, and justice. The government was divided into three branches: executive, legislative, and judiciary. The executive branch, led by the National Executive Council (NEC), managed state affairs, while the National Parliament (NP) represented the legislative arm. The judiciary upheld laws and maintained accountability.</p><p><strong>Decentralization and Levels of Government</strong></p><p>The Constitutional Planning Committee introduced decentralization to address ethnic and geographical barriers. The 1976 Organic Law on Provincial Governments separated national and provincial functions, empowering provincial governments with policy-making authority. This shift aimed to promote local development while maintaining a united nation.</p><p><strong>Elections and Political Parties</strong></p><p>PNG embraced democratic elections with a multi-party system, electing representatives at the national and provincial levels. The 2001 Organic Law on the Integrity of Political Party and Candidates encouraged stronger policy platforms. This law, coupled with the Limited Preferential Voting system, aimed to combat corruption and enhance political stability.</p><p><strong>Challenges to PNG's Democracy</strong></p><p>Despite the endurance of democracy, PNG faces substantial challenges. Tribal loyalties hinder the establishment of a cohesive national identity, leading to parochial politics. Corruption has become deeply ingrained, fueled by the fusion of traditional values and modern practices. Weak leadership, a lack of transparency, and a failure to address poverty and inequality further strain the democratic system.</p><p><strong>Economic Prospects and Conclusion</strong></p><p>PNG's small open market economy incorporates both government and private sectors. However, the economy struggles with inefficiencies, corruption, and a lack of development. Though growth figures may appear promising, tangible improvements in citizens' lives remain questionable. Political stability and anti-corruption efforts are vital for fostering genuine economic growth.</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjy-HQju_WuFyARrWL5OymrpjWC6Hdr5EQJC4DU0S1K2nYl3vhxQTSWhYGBc0T14aLNZpeox4T7BaKZSvTHOr5GUvf5f679SCblKJVCgFY_ZnzNz2FXB9JkD_a6it8eoHxm5CVDS35pJDIkVJkhV017YrSASmmujxM-oSXTzWE2cA1zde9aYQIdaQELfhpX/s5184/IMG_0618.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3456" data-original-width="5184" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjy-HQju_WuFyARrWL5OymrpjWC6Hdr5EQJC4DU0S1K2nYl3vhxQTSWhYGBc0T14aLNZpeox4T7BaKZSvTHOr5GUvf5f679SCblKJVCgFY_ZnzNz2FXB9JkD_a6it8eoHxm5CVDS35pJDIkVJkhV017YrSASmmujxM-oSXTzWE2cA1zde9aYQIdaQELfhpX/w640-h426/IMG_0618.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p><strong>In Closing</strong></p><p>The journey of democracy in PNG reflects its vibrant history and diverse cultural heritage. From traditional systems to the modern Westminster model, the nation has navigated a complex path. Challenges, such as tribal divisions, corruption, and economic struggles, continue to test PNG's democracy. It is the responsibility of leaders, citizens, and institutions to work collaboratively and tackle these challenges head-on, ensuring that the ideals of democracy translate into tangible improvements for all Papua New Guineans.</p></div></div></div><p style="text-align: justify;"> </p>Bernard Singu Yegiorahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14827767310793907088noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2781362295511139561.post-13996060282906875242023-08-09T10:23:00.004+10:002023-08-09T10:32:12.595+10:00Navigating Academic Integrity: A Guide to Divine Word University's Policy Landscape<p style="text-align: justify;">In the pursuit of knowledge and personal growth, academic integrity stands as a cornerstone principle that guides every student, faculty member, and staff at Divine Word University. Deeply embedded within the institution's Plagiarism and Integrity Policy, academic integrity isn't just a buzzword – it's a commitment to trust, honesty, fairness, responsibility, and respect in all scholarly endeavours.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Defining Academic Integrity</b></p><p style="text-align: justify;">At its core, academic integrity embodies the values that uphold the sanctity of learning. It calls for the avoidance of cheating and plagiarism, requiring a dedicated effort to maintain rigorous standards and honesty when preparing and presenting assignments. More than just a checkbox to mark, it's a mindset that demands responsible conduct, ensuring that information and ideas are generated and communicated ethically and transparently. The cornerstone of this concept is proper attribution, acknowledging the sources that contribute to the development of thoughts and ideas.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Policy Creation and Implementation</b></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Divine Word University's academic policies are meticulously crafted by esteemed academics, including the Vice President Academic, Vice President Student Affairs, Vice Presidents Research and Higher Degrees, and directors of various divisions. This dedicated group of individuals ensures that each policy is well-rounded and comprehensive, addressing specific academic concerns.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The policy cycle is a multifaceted process that begins with formulation and then circulates for review and implementation. Quality Assurance Committee and Academic Board assessments culminate in policy approval. These policies are then made accessible through the staff intranet, reaching both staff and students.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTV37UE1yxyakt1D3FqpHN4HVAJ_gTBKGSgi3tXqNrGtSawMyr7D--5vhtE0iMGrpSn5_zx-P7fv0cV00FxbRPJctmokHn0dUe2I8DtiC22UqwYNi3q3tQcbQjVRvSBVaAB9ek8y8AjAN0-5RHUtfO35sVfq80d-Gds-M6nAldt29PQyF9DZEl6q9PVJ1B/s742/Updated_Policy_Library(1).png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="659" data-original-width="742" height="568" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTV37UE1yxyakt1D3FqpHN4HVAJ_gTBKGSgi3tXqNrGtSawMyr7D--5vhtE0iMGrpSn5_zx-P7fv0cV00FxbRPJctmokHn0dUe2I8DtiC22UqwYNi3q3tQcbQjVRvSBVaAB9ek8y8AjAN0-5RHUtfO35sVfq80d-Gds-M6nAldt29PQyF9DZEl6q9PVJ1B/w640-h568/Updated_Policy_Library(1).png" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>The Categories of Academic Policies</b></p><p style="text-align: justify;">To provide clarity and guidance, academic policies at Divine Word University are organized into distinct categories. These categories reflect the key areas of academic life:</p><ol style="text-align: justify;"><li><p><b>Curriculum Development:</b> These policies guide the creation and revision of academic programs, ensuring they align with the institution's standards and objectives.</p></li><li><p><b>Assessment:</b> These policies establish best practices for assessment processes, safeguarding fairness and consistency in grading.</p></li><li><p><b>Teaching and Learning:</b> Policies in this category detail various teaching methods and strategies, fostering an effective and inclusive learning environment.</p></li><li><p><b>Research:</b> Highlighting the importance of research, these policies outline guidelines for conducting ethical and impactful research endeavours.</p></li><li><p><b>Academic Processes and Procedures:</b> This category covers the broader spectrum of academic processes, establishing a framework for consistent and effective administrative operations.</p></li></ol><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Incorporating Policies into the Learning Experience</b></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Recognizing the significance of academic policies in shaping students' academic journeys, many instructors, including myself, embed these policies directly into the learning experience. Within the learning guides for each of the six units I teach annually, I've dedicated a chapter titled "Academic Policies and Procedures." This chapter serves as a comprehensive resource, ensuring that students are well-acquainted with the policies essential for maintaining academic integrity.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiXevtIbAwx1egoM1SXPrabCKigmbj9solc8G2abCgzi_GmD2pA8Kjq1XQ5mGk1hHYNiQYfegCqOmhkUtzgaExP_b-s_aC1Ssbi26ldGPXkw7KTNckgjg_vzyvtwwP8GtpRFsCm7Jp9xJrgcR3Ko4WJKWRpnuFNvcyXl471oerihA9N5CxlF7Y6nFcU-5z/s1673/Learning-guide-Academic-policies-and-procedures.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="698" data-original-width="1673" height="268" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiXevtIbAwx1egoM1SXPrabCKigmbj9solc8G2abCgzi_GmD2pA8Kjq1XQ5mGk1hHYNiQYfegCqOmhkUtzgaExP_b-s_aC1Ssbi26ldGPXkw7KTNckgjg_vzyvtwwP8GtpRFsCm7Jp9xJrgcR3Ko4WJKWRpnuFNvcyXl471oerihA9N5CxlF7Y6nFcU-5z/w640-h268/Learning-guide-Academic-policies-and-procedures.png" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Two Levels of Policy Implementation</b></p><p style="text-align: justify;">I've come to realize that academic policy implementation can be effectively categorized into two levels: instructional and individual.</p><ol style="text-align: justify;"><li><p><b>Instructional Level:</b> At this level, academic policies are seamlessly integrated into the instructions provided to students. Guided by the Plagiarism and Integrity Policy, I make it my responsibility to educate students about academic integrity and plagiarism avoidance as they navigate program design and unit requirements. My assessments' instructions emphasize the significance of credible sources and accurate referencing, steering students away from unreliable sources like Wikipedia.</p></li><li><p><b>Individual Level:</b> On an individual level, strict adherence to policies is maintained during academic functions such as assessment, teaching, research, and student progression. The Plagiarism and Integrity Policy mandates faculty members to explicitly educate students about proper techniques for acknowledging external ideas, while also detecting and addressing instances of academic misconduct.</p></li></ol><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Embracing Special Consideration and Equitable Decision-Making</b></p><p style="text-align: justify;">One critical aspect of academic policies is the Special Consideration Policy. This policy emphasizes the principles of equity and academic integrity when addressing exceptional circumstances that affect students' academic performance. Ensuring that students follow the formal application process for special consideration, I maintain impartiality and consistency, providing equal opportunities for all students.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Navigating the Decision-Making Process</b></p><p style="text-align: justify;">The implementation of academic policies isn't just about instruction and enforcement – it's also about making well-informed decisions. When reviewing special consideration applications, I meticulously evaluate each case, ensuring the accuracy and honesty of the provided information. Collaboration with medical professionals, ICT personnel, and student counselors enhances the quality of decision-making.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>The Three Pillars of Decision-Making</b></p><ol style="text-align: justify;"><li><p><b>Informing Students:</b> Upon reviewing applications, I promptly communicate my decision to the students, keeping them informed of the outcome.</p></li><li><p><b>Stating Reasons:</b> Transparency is crucial, so I provide clear reasons behind my decisions, enhancing students' understanding of the process.</p></li><li><p><b>Appeal Process:</b> I also inform students of their right to appeal if they believe my decision is erroneous or if they disagree with my reasoning. The Academic Grievance Policy and Appeals serve as guides for students seeking to exercise this option.</p></li></ol><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Embracing the Journey</b></p><p style="text-align: justify;">As you navigate Divine Word University's academic policies, remember that these policies are rooted in principles of wisdom, ethics, and knowledge. They don't just shape your academic experience – they prepare you for responsible conduct in future professional endeavours. By understanding, implementing, and respecting these policies, you're not only enriching your education but also shaping a foundation for success.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In the end, academic policies aren't mere rules to follow; they're the guardians of academic integrity, ensuring that every journey through education is fair, transparent, and transformative. So, embrace these policies as guides and allies on your path to growth, discovery, and excellence.</p>Bernard Singu Yegiorahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14827767310793907088noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2781362295511139561.post-82986515768319192272023-08-04T11:02:00.003+10:002023-08-04T11:08:33.823+10:00Unveiling the Interconnectedness of Foreign Policy Analysis and International Relations<div class="flex flex-grow flex-col gap-3" style="text-align: justify;"><div class="min-h-[20px] flex flex-col items-start gap-3 overflow-x-auto whitespace-pre-wrap break-words"><div class="markdown prose w-full break-words dark:prose-invert light"><p>In this enlightening blog post, we're about to embark on a journey to uncover the three integral features that bind Foreign Policy Analysis (FPA) with the vast realm of International Relations (IR). Our exploration, though limited in scope, will shed light on the interplay between these two crucial fields, inviting you to delve deeper into their intricate connection.</p><p><b>Feature 1: Categorization</b></p><p>Let's begin our expedition with the first binding feature: categorization. IR, as meticulously defined by Encyclopedia Britannica, is a subfield of political science. The overarching umbrella of political science encompasses the systematic study of governance through empirical and scientific methods. It delves into the mechanisms of the state, its organs, and the institutions that shape its functioning.</p><p>Delving further, Encyclopedia Britannica elucidates that IR revolve around the intricate tapestry of political relationships and interactions between countries. This encompasses understanding the triggers behind conflicts, the formulation of foreign policies, the dynamics of international political economy, and the structures that expand or constrict governments' policy choices.</p><p>As we navigate deeper, we come across the intriguing categorization of FPA within the realm of IR. According to Marijke Breuning, FPA stands as a specialized niche within the broader landscape of IR. FPA homes in on the nuanced examination of how foreign policy decisions are crafted, why leaders make specific choices, and the underlying factors that shape state behaviors. This aligns seamlessly with the goal of IR: to comprehend the motivations driving leaders and states and to assess the impact of the international system's opportunities and constraints.</p><p>Encyclopedia Britannica underscores the two principal perspectives within IR: the foreign-policy perspective and the international-system-analysis perspective. The former revolves around theories centered on individual states or specific state categories, while the latter examines broader international system dynamics. This juxtaposition unravels a crucial facet of the connection between FPA and IR.</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhz3Xt2qWuwdPPQ-0a55R5WwGAZLspPdLYWuqFB-Vfjlbrwg2FB3NszIiw6O3ATbx9SOCGfwG1EOgmHC6jx6XBPPdlGkt0HHsUNUKqeghDYKeC8Ln1bXmz1rXlCDCl9C-MwDxwjbO50ChhP-JxTa805xbh1hRn4mA1r0jHG3Bpf4tgcdzpfPKl5EpszYzzX/s880/Word%20Art(5).jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="568" data-original-width="880" height="414" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhz3Xt2qWuwdPPQ-0a55R5WwGAZLspPdLYWuqFB-Vfjlbrwg2FB3NszIiw6O3ATbx9SOCGfwG1EOgmHC6jx6XBPPdlGkt0HHsUNUKqeghDYKeC8Ln1bXmz1rXlCDCl9C-MwDxwjbO50ChhP-JxTa805xbh1hRn4mA1r0jHG3Bpf4tgcdzpfPKl5EpszYzzX/w640-h414/Word%20Art(5).jpeg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p><b>Feature 2: Behaviourism's Emergence</b></p><p>Our exploration takes us to the emergence of behaviourism, a pivotal development in the domains of political science and international relations. According to Encyclopedia Britannica, classical behaviourism is rooted in observable and measurable data, eschewing the realms of emotions, ideas, and inner mental experiences.</p><p>Before the advent of behaviourism, international relations research primarily encompassed diplomatic history and international law. These domains focused on the uniqueness of international events and the methods of diplomacy. However, the quest to understand the underlying causes of conflict propelled researchers from various fields, including social sciences and mathematics, to pioneer a new research method: behaviourism.</p><p>Behaviourism ushered in quantitative methods alongside qualitative ones. Philip Schrodt highlights that behavioural studies in foreign policy aimed to systematically measure variables, employ statistical techniques, and formulate unequivocal hypotheses. The shift from narrative sources to the systematic analysis of events data transformed the research landscape, offering new tools to analyze interactions between states.</p><p><b>Feature 3: The Ground of IR</b></p><p>As we tread deeper into the connection between FPA and IR, we encounter the notion of the "ground." Valerie Hudson introduces the concept that every theoretical discipline has its grounding element. For economists, it's firms or households; for physics, it's matter and antimatter particles.</p><p>Hudson challenges the prevalent assumption that the ground of IR is state and non-state actors. She argues that human beings are the true agents shaping IR. Human perception, reactions, and interactions with the world are pivotal to understanding the dynamics of IR. In her words, "Understanding how humans perceive and react to the world around them, and how humans shape and are shaped by the world around them, is central to the inquiry of social scientists, even those in IR."</p><p>This ties in seamlessly with the distinctions between classical realism and neorealism. While classical realism centers on leaders' motivations and lust for power, neorealism disregards these internal variables, emphasizing competition among states or adherence to norms as driving factors.</p><p>In a similar vein, neoclassical realism emphasizes that domestic structures and agents like political leaders influence state behavior. This emphasizes the significance of understanding the human decision-makers who influence state and non-state actors.</p><p><b>Unveiling the Connection: A Multifaceted Tapestry</b></p><p>As we reach the culmination of our exploration, it becomes evident that the connection between FPA and IR is a multifaceted tapestry, interwoven by three key features:</p><ol><li><b>Categorization:</b> FPA is not just a subfield but an integral part of IR, aiding in understanding state behavior and policy decisions.</li><li><b>Behaviourism's Influence:</b> The shift towards quantitative methods influenced both IR and FPA research, offering a fresh perspective on understanding international dynamics.</li><li><b>The Human Ground of IR:</b> Human agents, their perceptions, and actions serve as the essential ground for understanding the behavior of state and non-state actors.</li></ol><p>In conclusion, our journey through these features reveals the symbiotic relationship between FPA and IR. It is essential to grasp this connection to enhance our comprehension of both fields. So, read widely, explore further, and continue unraveling the intricate fabric that binds these two vital domains together.</p></div></div></div>Bernard Singu Yegiorahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14827767310793907088noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2781362295511139561.post-88870764186012897402023-08-04T10:34:00.004+10:002023-08-04T10:35:17.091+10:00Understanding Sovereignty, Jurisdiction, and their Implications in International Relations<div class="flex flex-grow flex-col gap-3"><div class="min-h-[20px] flex flex-col items-start gap-3 overflow-x-auto whitespace-pre-wrap break-words"><div class="markdown prose w-full break-words dark:prose-invert light"><p>In the complex realm of international relations (IR), certain terminologies play a pivotal role in shaping our comprehension of the interactions among states. Two such key terms are "sovereignty" and "jurisdiction." These terms are intrinsically linked to a state's authority and decision-making processes within its defined boundaries, and they have profound implications in the global landscape.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Sovereignty and Its Significance</b></p><p style="text-align: justify;">A state stands as a central actor in the international system, and the notion of sovereignty forms its foundational cornerstone. The concept of sovereignty emerged alongside the birth of the modern state system, gaining prominence after the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648. The term itself traces its roots to the Latin term "superanus" and the French term "souverainete," both signifying supreme power.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The idea of sovereignty was systematically analyzed by Jean Bodin in his work "Six Livres de la Republique" in 1576. Bodin emphasized the need for a sovereign power within a state to enact laws, noting that this power was not bound by the laws it instituted but rather by the laws of nature and of God. Over time, the concept evolved, granting states supreme power in relation to other states, often elevating them above international laws.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Modern international law heavily relies on state sovereignty, serving as a pivotal principle. However, the term "sovereign" can manifest differently in practice. Take, for instance, the Tampa Affair, a case study that sheds light on the intricate interplay between sovereignty, jurisdiction, and international relations.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>The Tampa Affair: A Case Study</b></p><p style="text-align: justify;">The Tampa Affair, which transpired on August 26, 2001, offers valuable insights into the exercise of state sovereignty. Australia, driven by its national interests, enacted stringent legislation and policies to thwart the activities of people smugglers attempting to transport asylum seekers into its territorial waters. This decisive action showcased Australia's assertion of its sovereignty to safeguard its borders and protect its citizens.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Jurisdiction's Role in International Relations</b></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Jurisdiction, closely entwined with sovereignty, dictates a state's power to make decisions within its territory. A sovereign state, like Australia, holds the supreme authority to enact laws and policies affecting various aspects of its territory, including individuals, property, and circumstances. It's crucial to recognize that the legislative changes introduced as a response to the Tampa Affair had a profound impact on the territories' status within Australia's migration zone.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Certain territories, such as Christmas Island, Ashmore and Cartier Islands, and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, were deemed "excised offshore places." Unauthorized arrivals to these territories were denied the ability to apply for a visa, except through ministerial discretion. The ensuing refugee assessment processes saw offshore entry persons moved to locations like Manus Island or Nauru, where access to protection visas was limited.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://refugeeaction.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/nauru-manus-map.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="366" data-original-width="650" height="366" src="https://refugeeaction.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/nauru-manus-map.jpg" width="650" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Photo taken from the Refugee Action Coalition website<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><b> </b><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Refugees and International Legal Frameworks</b></p><p style="text-align: justify;">In this context, the terms "asylum seeker" and "refugee" assume significance. An asylum seeker is an individual in transit, seeking sanctuary in a land other than their homeland, often in pursuit of better circumstances. The term "refugee," as defined by the UNHCR, pertains to someone who fears persecution based on race, religion, nationality, social group, or political opinion in their country of origin. Refugees are unable or unwilling to return due to this fear.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The legislative shifts resulting from the Tampa Affair changed the dynamics for asylum seekers on the affected territories. Prior to these amendments, asylum seekers could apply for visas while awaiting the outcome of refugee assessment processes. The changes exemplify how jurisdiction, sovereignty, and international legal frameworks intersect to shape the rights and prospects of individuals seeking refuge.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Navigating Maritime Boundaries</b></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Another layer to consider is the Law of the Seas, which defines maritime territories and territorial waters. Australian maritime territories lie within 12 nautical miles from the baseline. By excising certain territories from its migration zone, Australia exercised its sovereignty in accordance with international laws, showcasing its jurisdiction over these areas.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In the intricate fabric of international relations, sovereignty and jurisdiction are not static entities. They evolve and adapt, reflecting the changing priorities and dynamics of states and their interactions. Understanding these concepts helps us decipher the complexities of global affairs and the interplay of power and authority on the international stage.</p></div></div></div>Bernard Singu Yegiorahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14827767310793907088noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2781362295511139561.post-56549675433299807972023-08-04T10:07:00.001+10:002023-08-04T10:10:38.483+10:00Exploring Classical Realism: Unraveling the Complexities of International Politics<p style="text-align: justify;">In the intricate landscape of international relations, theories abound to shed light on the behavior of states and the intricate web of interactions that shape our world. One such theory that has stood the test of time is classical realism, a school of thought that delves into the core of human nature and its insatiable hunger for power. By examining the essence of classical realism, we can gain a deeper understanding of the dynamics that drive nations and the underlying principles that guide their actions.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>The Crux of Classical Realism</b></p><p style="text-align: justify;">According to the insights of Colin Elman, classical realism operates on a fundamental assumption: the unquenchable thirst for power stems from the intrinsic flaws of humanity. This innate drive propels states into a ceaseless struggle to augment their capabilities and influence. The absence of a global governing entity akin to a state's internal government, as described by Elman, creates an environment where human desires are unchained, resulting in a pursuit of power.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The concept of "flawed nature," derived from the seminal works of philosopher Thomas Hobbes, forms the bedrock of this theory. Hobbes' assertion that "human beings by nature are brutish and egoistic" underscores the tendency of individuals to prioritize self-interest above all else. This self-centered disposition is a driving force in international relations, shaping the actions and motives of states.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">To delve further into this notion of "flawed nature," we can examine the four universal conditions articulated by Hobbes:</p><ol style="text-align: justify;"><li><b>Equality of Power:</b> No individual holds insurmountable superiority in strength or intellect, making everyone susceptible to defeat.</li><li><b>Equality of Need:</b> All individuals share fundamental needs such as sustenance, water, and shelter.</li><li><b>Scarcity:</b> The world's resources are limited, fostering competition for their acquisition.</li><li><b>Limited Altruism:</b> While some exhibit altruism, the predominant focus remains on self-interest.</li></ol><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://everydaypower.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/50-Philosophical-Thomas-Hobbes-Quotes.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="750" height="800" src="https://everydaypower.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/50-Philosophical-Thomas-Hobbes-Quotes.jpg" width="750" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Picture of Thomas Hobbes from everydaypower.com</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p>When these conditions intersect, they create a landscape in which each state believes it can attain its desires. The convergence of shared needs and limited resources, combined with self-interest, engenders competition among states, often leading to conflicts in the quest for resources.</p><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Role of the State and Power Politics</b></p><p style="text-align: justify;">In response to the inherent conflicts that arise from these conditions, states form a social contract, ceding certain rights to a central governing body—the government. This hierarchical structure establishes a system where the rule of law prevails, ensuring that no entity stands above the law.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Furthermore, as highlighted by Elman, leaders or political systems that empower narrow interest groups to pursue expansionist foreign policies can be incendiary triggers for wars. This underscores the realist ideology that perceives power as a linchpin in the fabric of international relations.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Elements of National Power</b></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Building upon classical realism, political theorists like Hans Morgenthau delve into the concept of national power and its influence on foreign policies. Morgenthau's nine elements of national power, encompassing geography, natural resources, industrial capacity, military readiness, population, national character, morale, quality of diplomacy, and government, elucidate the multifaceted factors that contribute to a state's strength and global impact.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">For instance, the strategic placement of installations like the proposed naval base on Manus Island by Australia and the US reveals a geopolitical maneuver aimed at countering China's expanding influence in the Pacific region.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>The Evolution: Neorealism</b></p><p style="text-align: justify;">While classical realism has enriched our understanding of power dynamics, neorealism has emerged to offer a more scientific and objective perspective. Spearheaded by scholars like Kenneth Waltz, neorealism shifts the focus from internal state factors to the international system's structure. Unlike classical realism's emphasis on power, neorealism posits that states primarily seek security, shaping their actions within the global framework.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This viewpoint introduces the notion of power distribution as the core determinant of state behavior. Contrary to classical realism, which highlights internal power elements, neorealism underscores how states navigate the anarchic international system based on their perception of security.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Concluding Thoughts</b></p><p style="text-align: justify;">In the intricate tapestry of international relations, classical realism emerges as a pivotal theory, offering profound insights into the relentless pursuit of power catalyzed by the flawed nature of humanity. This theory, when harmonized with neorealism's emphasis on security and systemic dynamics, equips us with tools to decipher the enigma of global politics. As we navigate the ever-evolving landscape of international relations, these theories provide us with lenses to fathom the motivations and maneuvers of nations on the global stage.</p>Bernard Singu Yegiorahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14827767310793907088noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2781362295511139561.post-76242614878790197782023-07-28T06:26:00.003+10:002023-07-28T06:26:43.418+10:00PNG's First Foreign Policy: Navigating Independence and Economic Development<p style="text-align: justify;">In 1976, Premdas, a prominent scholar, published a seminal article in the Australian Journal of International Affairs, shedding light on the foreign policy options available to newly independent nations. His insights played a crucial role in understanding Papua New Guinea's (PNG) initial foreign policy choices as it embarked on its journey towards nationhood. In this article, we explore the three key foreign policy options that PNG considered, the factors that influenced its decision-making process, and how economic interests ultimately shaped its foreign relations.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The Three Foreign Policy Options</p><p style="text-align: justify;">As PNG gained independence, it faced critical decisions about its place in the international arena. Premdas identified three primary foreign policy options open to the country:</p><ol style="text-align: justify;"><li><p><strong>Isolationism:</strong> The first option was isolationism, which involved a policy of staying aloof from international affairs and maintaining minimal interaction with other nations.</p></li><li><p><strong>Non-alignment:</strong> The second option was non-alignment, a strategy of not aligning with any major power blocs or alliances. This approach allowed PNG to maintain neutrality and independence in its foreign relations.</p></li><li><p><strong>Diplomatic Coalitions and Military Alliances:</strong> The third option was to form diplomatic coalitions and military alliances with countries and international organizations that supported its interests. This approach offered the potential for strategic partnerships and mutual benefits.</p></li></ol><p style="text-align: justify;">Factors Influencing PNG's Choice</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The decision to adopt a particular foreign policy strategy hinged on the nation's perceived national interest. Premdas categorized national interest into three key aspects:</p><ol style="text-align: justify;"><li><p><strong>Security Interest:</strong> Ensuring the country's safety and protection from external threats.</p></li><li><p><strong>Economic Interest:</strong> Pursuing avenues for economic growth, trade, and development.</p></li><li><p><strong>Ideological Interest:</strong> Considering alignments with nations sharing similar political ideologies and values.</p></li></ol><p style="text-align: justify;">Non-alignment and Economic Interest</p><p style="text-align: justify;">At independence, PNG had the option of choosing isolationism, but instead, it opted for a non-alignment foreign policy. The doctrine of universalism played a pivotal role in this decision. Universalism centered on economic development and the idea of forging relations with any country or organization that could support PNG's economic interests—regardless of their political ideologies or geopolitical affiliations.</p><p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxzOuez7Ej2IugYFxZIuXcN9LjQQddiYKQdODSuMH53Nv2u3G7KfnBiEPtoam83mFgAXfMei9goeJzwha62S8_Ha9fISoc8sdpdE1bTLPXanMgkntuTjerqZAG4yUG_HBeLZPAabuANsdyVmMxrfT4oIsnSm0g5RFWT5lSt1rimzMXz-mweboBk1braA-Y/s978/Lahui%20Ako.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="501" data-original-width="978" height="328" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxzOuez7Ej2IugYFxZIuXcN9LjQQddiYKQdODSuMH53Nv2u3G7KfnBiEPtoam83mFgAXfMei9goeJzwha62S8_Ha9fISoc8sdpdE1bTLPXanMgkntuTjerqZAG4yUG_HBeLZPAabuANsdyVmMxrfT4oIsnSm0g5RFWT5lSt1rimzMXz-mweboBk1braA-Y/w640-h328/Lahui%20Ako.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Screen shot of Lahui Ako's <a href="https://www.facebook.com/100000013312692/videos/589710653325299/">online lecture</a> on foreign policy at independence<br /></td></tr></tbody></table></p><p style="text-align: justify;">The country's economic situation at that time was characterized by a small and primarily agriculture-based economy. Lacking sufficient resources for development, PNG relied heavily on foreign aid, trade, and investment. The non-alignment policy allowed it to extend its relations beyond the Oceania region and prioritize economic growth.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Australian Influence and Domestic Factors</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It's worth noting that PNG's foreign policy decisions were not without external influence. As a former colonial administrator, Australia played a significant role in shaping the nation's policies during its early years of independence. Whether the foreign policy formulation was an independent process or guided by Australian advisors remains a topic for further research.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">To conclude, PNG's first foreign policy represented a delicate balancing act between asserting its independence and pursuing economic growth. With three viable options at its disposal, the country chose the path of non-alignment to focus on universal economic development. This strategic move allowed PNG to build alliances and partnerships beyond its immediate region, enabling it to access much-needed aid, trade, and investment.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">As the nation continued to evolve, its foreign policy decisions became increasingly critical in navigating the complex and dynamic international landscape. Today, PNG's journey in foreign affairs is a testament to the importance of aligning national interest with the opportunities and challenges presented by the global community.</p><p></p>Bernard Singu Yegiorahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14827767310793907088noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2781362295511139561.post-58968753124307135322023-07-25T12:20:00.001+10:002023-07-25T12:20:08.247+10:00Commercial Liberalism: Promoting Peace, Prosperity, and Free Trade<p style="text-align: justify;">In the realm of international relations, various scholars have explored the concept of liberal internationalism, aiming to transform global interactions into models of peace, freedom, and prosperity akin to those experienced within constitutional liberal democracies. Among the different branches of liberalism, one that stands out prominently is commercial liberalism, which seeks to foster free trade between states. In this blog post, we will delve into the core principles of commercial liberalism, its benefits, and how it has influenced trade agreements between nations.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Commercial liberalism, as defined by Griffiths, O'Callaghan, and Roach, centers on the idea of facilitating unhindered trade and commerce across state borders. The underlying assumption is that increased economic interdependence between nations reduces the likelihood of resorting to armed conflicts and raises the cost of doing so, thus promoting peace and stability on a global scale.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Free trade is characterized by the unrestricted exchange of goods and services between countries without the imposition of barriers such as tariffs, duties, or quotas. It operates on the principle of comparative advantage, enabling nations to focus on their strengths and increase economic output, consequently fostering income growth for their citizens. The norms governing free trade, as outlined by Allen Sens, encompass reduction of tariffs, non-discrimination, national treatment, reciprocity, and exemptions, which must be adhered to by all parties to the agreement.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Trade agreements play a crucial role in implementing commercial liberalism. Such agreements, whether bilateral or multilateral, serve to promote trade liberalization and facilitate economic cooperation among participating nations. Platforms like Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation and Pacific Islands Forum provide avenues for states to pursue their goals of reducing trade barriers and enhancing economic interdependence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">A notable recent example is the UK-PNG Trade Continuity Agreement, which ensures that British businesses and consumers continue to benefit from trading arrangements with PNG after the UK's departure from the EU. This agreement eliminates all tariffs on goods imported from PNG into the UK and gradually removes around 80% of tariffs on British exports to PNG. The agreement has particular benefits for PNG's palm oil and tuna industries.</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.pngfacts.com/uploads/1/1/3/2/11320972/670874048_orig.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="516" data-original-width="600" height="516" src="https://www.pngfacts.com/uploads/1/1/3/2/11320972/670874048_orig.jpg" width="600" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;">The essence of commercial liberalism lies in understanding the concepts of interdependence and free trade. By reducing tariffs on imports, nations can lower the unit costs of goods, making them more affordable for consumers. For instance, the removal of tariffs on British canned meat imports could result in reduced prices, benefiting consumers in PNG.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">To concluded, Commercial liberalism stands as one of the vital branches of liberal internationalism, championing free trade and economic interdependence among nations. By embracing this approach, countries can foster peace, prosperity, and cooperation on a global scale. Trade agreements, driven by the principles of commercial liberalism, create opportunities for nations to benefit from their competitive advantages and establish mutually beneficial partnerships. As we continue to explore the various types of liberalism, it is essential to appreciate the significance of commercial liberalism in shaping international relations and promoting economic growth worldwide.</p>Bernard Singu Yegiorahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14827767310793907088noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2781362295511139561.post-40402971580306241842023-07-22T14:43:00.000+10:002023-07-22T14:43:34.670+10:00Understanding Supplementary Assessment Tasks: A Fair Approach to Student Progression<p style="text-align: justify;">As students, we often encounter various assessment tasks during our academic journey. These tasks serve as vital measures of our learning outcomes, contribute to our personal growth, and shape our path towards achieving our goals. In this blog post, we will delve into the concept of supplementary assessment tasks and shed light on the guidelines set forth by the academic policies at our esteemed institution. This statement aims to provide clarity on when and why supplementary assessment tasks are offered to students, ensuring equitable opportunities for all.</p><div class="flex flex-grow flex-col gap-3" style="text-align: justify;"><div class="min-h-[20px] flex items-start overflow-x-auto whitespace-pre-wrap break-words flex-col gap-4"><div class="markdown prose w-full break-words dark:prose-invert light"><p>Academic Policies on Supplementary Assessment Tasks</p><p>According to the Assessment Policy outlined in Section 4.16, lecturers have the discretion to permit students to re-submit individual assignments if it appears they have not grasped the task requirements. The intention behind this provision is to ensure students receive a fair chance to demonstrate their understanding and achieve the learning outcomes of a particular unit. It is essential for lecturers to apply this policy equitably, preventing any disadvantage to students in the class.</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEie6wPBJzj86mayQ6F1h7SpNt8w_FLxVUVmqwSkbZ4LC5eOe1fjC7g0uC0jbBpBO7L4OjW5D9-oOQFT1-lZNmgISNIuLb21GH8z1n1Tje6PfcbDPK3KPi4ROBYAG7rCVnSYNrQiOHG78K_sCd_z3ZqCknh8BkX6wbS_mPPNxe9p48v3QbHL-FlSsGNS9t05/s597/AssPolicy.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="496" data-original-width="597" height="532" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEie6wPBJzj86mayQ6F1h7SpNt8w_FLxVUVmqwSkbZ4LC5eOe1fjC7g0uC0jbBpBO7L4OjW5D9-oOQFT1-lZNmgISNIuLb21GH8z1n1Tje6PfcbDPK3KPi4ROBYAG7rCVnSYNrQiOHG78K_sCd_z3ZqCknh8BkX6wbS_mPPNxe9p48v3QbHL-FlSsGNS9t05/w640-h532/AssPolicy.png" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p>The opportunity for supplementary assessment is typically offered to students who have obtained a final mark between 40% and 49% for the unit, as stated in Section 4.17 of the Assessment Policy. This approach supports student progression and helps them complete the requirements for the unit in which they received a fail mark. The supplementary assessment entails a new item designed to provide additional opportunities for students to showcase their acquired knowledge and skills.</p><p>Eligibility for Supplementary Assessment</p><p>To be eligible for supplementary assessment, a student must have attained a final mark within the range of 40% to 49% for the unit. The aim of this eligibility criterion is to provide an opportunity for those who are on the borderline of passing but require some extra support to meet the unit's learning outcomes.</p><p>Special Consideration and Supplementary Assessment</p><p>In practice, supplementary assessment tasks are usually offered to students who apply for special consideration, as specified in Section 3.0 of the Special Consideration Policy. Special consideration may be granted in situations where external factors beyond a student's control have hindered their ability to demonstrate their commitment to completing assessment tasks. Supporting documents are often required to strengthen the case for special consideration.</p><p>The Importance of Consultation Hours</p><p>As a lecturer, I strive to provide every possible avenue for my students to excel academically. In the learning guide I provide, you will find essential information such as my consultation hours, assessment task descriptions, instructions, and marking criteria. I encourage all students to utilize these consultation hours as a learning space to seek further clarification on assessment tasks and marking criteria.</p><p>Engaging in these consultations allows you to identify areas where you may need additional assistance and verify that your work aligns with the specified criteria. My expectation is that by making use of these resources, you will demonstrate your commitment to your academic pursuits.</p><p>Fairness and Equitability</p><p>It is important to highlight that supplementary assessment tasks should not be pursued by students who simply wish to improve their grades after performing poorly on an assessment. If a student has not shown a commitment to their studies or taken advantage of available resources, it would be unfair to reward them with a supplementary assessment task.</p><p>The purpose of supplementary assessments is to support students who genuinely need additional assistance in meeting the unit's learning outcomes. By adhering to this principle, we ensure fairness and maintain the integrity of our academic policies.</p><p>In conclusion, supplementary assessment tasks are an integral part of our academic policies designed to provide a fair chance for students to succeed. They are not an opportunity to replace poor performance on assessments for those who have not actively engaged in their studies. By adhering to the guidelines outlined in the Assessment Policy and the Special Consideration Policy, we can ensure a level playing field for all students, fostering an environment that promotes growth, learning, and academic success. Let us embrace the essence of supplementary assessment tasks as a means to enhance our educational journey and reach our full potential.</p></div></div></div>Bernard Singu Yegiorahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14827767310793907088noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2781362295511139561.post-8627704634286535752023-07-21T08:16:00.004+10:002023-07-21T08:16:50.883+10:00Empowering PNG's Regional Ascendancy: Unlocking Potential through the Lowy Institute Asia Power Index<div class="flex flex-grow flex-col gap-3" style="text-align: justify;"><div class="min-h-[20px] flex items-start overflow-x-auto whitespace-pre-wrap break-words flex-col gap-4"><div class="markdown prose w-full break-words dark:prose-invert light"><p>In the realm of policy-making, Papua New Guinea (PNG) faces an opportune moment to harness the potential of the Lowy Institute Asia Power Index as a valuable resource. The current scores across various measures are a cause for concern, as PNG finds itself ranked last among 26 Asian countries in comprehensive power, economic capability, military capability, future resources, defence networks, and diplomatic influence. The need for strategic action becomes even more apparent as smaller nations like Sri Lanka boast marginally higher scores in critical areas.</p><p>To tackle these pressing challenges head-on, PNG must strategically concentrate on enhancing its defence networks. A promising avenue lies in actively pursuing the Defence Cooperation Agreement with the US and a Security Treaty with Australia. If successfully implemented in the near future, these agreements hold the potential to bolster PNG's score in defence networks, fostering a stronger and more resilient regional alliance network. The formation of bilateral security alliances can serve as a powerful force multiplier, elevating PNG's military capability and thus positioning it more favorably in the Asia Power Index.</p><p>While discussions with the US have centered on capacity building through training and infrastructure, tangible outcomes have yet to materialize to positively impact PNG's scores for military capability and defence network. Policymakers must ensure that these endeavors translate into concrete results to fortify the country's military capabilities and regional influence.</p><p>In the sphere of economic capabilities and relationships, PNG can boost its scores through meticulous feasibility studies on bilateral trade agreements with Australia and China. The realization of a Free Trade Agreement with China could open doors to a lucrative market for PNG's agricultural products, further elevating its economic capabilities and global partnerships.</p><p>To achieve comprehensive power in Asia, the Imminent Persons Group, composed of experienced diplomats, and the Foreign Policy White Paper Coordination Office within the Department of Foreign Affairs should collaboratively craft a comprehensive white paper. This strategic document can chart a cohesive game plan to improve scores across all eight measures in the Asia Power Index. Emphasizing alignment with the key pillars of the overarching Vision 2050 strategic plan, such an approach will foster a united and forward-thinking stance towards enhancing PNG's regional standing. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://mlsqb6wpuivm.i.optimole.com/w:621/h:396/q:mauto/f:avif/https://www.ict.gov.pg/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Screenshot-2023-05-26-093617.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="396" data-original-width="621" height="396" src="https://mlsqb6wpuivm.i.optimole.com/w:621/h:396/q:mauto/f:avif/https://www.ict.gov.pg/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Screenshot-2023-05-26-093617.jpg" width="621" /></a></div><p>By leveraging the insights provided by the Lowy Institute Asia Power Index and employing a strategic approach to address areas of concern, PNG can navigate a course towards increased influence and recognition in the dynamic and competitive landscape of Asia. As PNG policy makers embrace these opportunities, they hold the key to unlocking the nation's full potential and forging a brighter future on the regional stage.</p></div></div></div>Bernard Singu Yegiorahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14827767310793907088noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2781362295511139561.post-66289525795885490922023-07-16T20:48:00.001+10:002023-07-16T20:48:20.090+10:00Embracing Technology: Navigating Social Media in Education<p style="text-align: justify;">Today, I want to discuss an essential aspect of our academic journey - the integration of social media platforms into our learning process. I understand that some of you may have concerns or reservations about this approach, and I want to address them while shedding light on the benefits it offers.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">First and foremost, your opinions matter. If you have any issues with using social media for academic purposes, I encourage you to share them with me. Whether it's a personal decision or specific challenges you face, rest assured that any information you provide will be handled with utmost confidentiality. Additionally, if your concerns involve sensitive matters such as cyberbullying or revenge porn, and you feel uncomfortable discussing them via email, please feel free to see me in person.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">To ensure fairness and adherence to academic policies, all assessment tasks with social media components have undergone approval processes by both the Department and Faculty. Quality assurance is a priority at DWU, and we aim to create a meaningful and enriching learning experience for each student.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Now, let's address a comment made during the IR203 International Organizations evaluation in 2022. Your feedback is invaluable, and I apologize for any misunderstandings that may have arisen. As your educator, I am committed to understanding your diverse learning needs, documenting your expectations, and recognizing your preferences. To help achieve this, I urge all of you to actively participate in the anonymous QA student online unit evaluation every semester. Your input guides us in making improvements tailored to your individual needs.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">I want to assure you that my intention is not to turn you into "computerized geeks." Instead, I believe in leveraging electronic platforms such as Moodle, Facebook, and blogs to facilitate your learning journey. These tools offer essential skills relevant to the digital age, preparing you for success in the ever-evolving world. <br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;">My goal is to provide a unique and enlightening learning experience that sets you apart from others. By sharing your experiences from DWU, you'll contribute to discussions on blended and online learning, leaving a lasting impact on the educational landscape.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Let's clear up a misconception about over-reliance on social media for assessment purposes. In the IR203 unit in 2022, YouTube was utilized for video submissions, but unforeseen circumstances (the earthquake) hindered online access. As a result, some submissions were made manually via personal storage devices. Please be assured that Moodle remains the official platform for assessing your progress. Social media components are merely included in a limited capacity for specific tasks in certain units.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUPKqzEPAu_3msTRTlU8z8u8JMolwLfILcS4_GaxV03Xf0niuHeJNeNM80mKERPi6Rva-Q0UQO0qS0vzIXf0kG3Gxktg-Kchg8DYrkM5PJurnLnA8-sSoaCwdr9-zTq4DyDUGpHwCGcWpXGwHfAjuuYQQJYIXnQCGEcpT2k5SPn9b_z5JAyZK1dzxrqRiV/s657/OUE.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="259" data-original-width="657" height="252" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUPKqzEPAu_3msTRTlU8z8u8JMolwLfILcS4_GaxV03Xf0niuHeJNeNM80mKERPi6Rva-Q0UQO0qS0vzIXf0kG3Gxktg-Kchg8DYrkM5PJurnLnA8-sSoaCwdr9-zTq4DyDUGpHwCGcWpXGwHfAjuuYQQJYIXnQCGEcpT2k5SPn9b_z5JAyZK1dzxrqRiV/w640-h252/OUE.png" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;">By embracing social media, including Facebook groups and blog sites, you can expand your knowledge and technological skills. These proficiencies will prove valuable once you graduate and embark on your career or entrepreneurial journey.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Through Facebook groups, you gain access to a diverse community, including practitioners, academics, former students, and retirees. Engaging with these individuals offers a wealth of perspectives on international relations and foreign policy, broadening your understanding of complex global issues.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">You may wonder why YouTube and Facebook are utilized for certain content instead of Moodle. The answer lies in the university's limited storage capacity on Moodle, which restricts the size of uploaded files. To overcome this limitation, YouTube and Facebook serve as digital archives for storing information that can benefit both present and future students.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Should any of you have genuine concerns about using social media in our learning process, please follow the outlined process to discuss your case. I am committed to providing alternative arrangements that accommodate your needs and ensure your academic journey remains productive and fulfilling.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In conclusion, let's embrace technology and make the most of the opportunities social media presents in education. Together, we can cultivate a dynamic and transformative learning environment where your growth and success are paramount.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">If you ever feel confused or require clarification on any aspect of our units, I encourage you to seek consultation or read the academic policies of the university. I am here to support your academic pursuits and empower you to become the leaders of tomorrow.</p>Bernard Singu Yegiorahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14827767310793907088noreply@blogger.com0