The Evolution and Challenges of Democracy in Papua New Guinea

-
Papua New Guinea (PNG) boasts a rich history of pre-colonial societies with their own unique political systems. These societies navigated leadership through various means, such as hereditary chiefs, skilled individuals, and networks of relationships. However, the advent of European colonization in the 17th century introduced new political structures that merged with indigenous systems. This article explores the journey of PNG's political evolution from its traditional roots to the present-day democratic framework, while also addressing the challenges that democracy faces in this culturally diverse nation.

Traditional Political Systems and the Arrival of Colonization

Pre-colonial PNG societies showcased diverse political arrangements. Hereditary chiefs and headmen played vital leadership roles across the culturally heterogeneous landscape. The Trobrian Islanders, for example, relied on hereditary chiefs, while other communities recognized the authority of certain clan headmen. In the Highlands, leaders known as 'bigmen' emerged, earning their positions through expertise in various areas like warfare, trading, oratory, and wealth accumulation. European colonization introduced new governance systems, with German Luluais and British village constables leaving their marks.

The Path to Democracy: Introducing Local Government Councils

With the transfer of administration to Australia, Local Government Councils were introduced in the 1950s and 1960s. This marked the initiation of democracy in PNG, symbolizing a shift from top-down governance. The United Nations Trusteeship Mission's Foot report urged Australia to establish a new Legislative Assembly with indigenous majority representation, fostering political advancement.

Adapting the Westminster System

After independence, PNG embraced a democratic constitution emphasizing liberty, equality, and justice. The government was divided into three branches: executive, legislative, and judiciary. The executive branch, led by the National Executive Council (NEC), managed state affairs, while the National Parliament (NP) represented the legislative arm. The judiciary upheld laws and maintained accountability.

Decentralization and Levels of Government

The Constitutional Planning Committee introduced decentralization to address ethnic and geographical barriers. The 1976 Organic Law on Provincial Governments separated national and provincial functions, empowering provincial governments with policy-making authority. This shift aimed to promote local development while maintaining a united nation.

Elections and Political Parties

PNG embraced democratic elections with a multi-party system, electing representatives at the national and provincial levels. The 2001 Organic Law on the Integrity of Political Party and Candidates encouraged stronger policy platforms. This law, coupled with the Limited Preferential Voting system, aimed to combat corruption and enhance political stability.

Challenges to PNG's Democracy

Despite the endurance of democracy, PNG faces substantial challenges. Tribal loyalties hinder the establishment of a cohesive national identity, leading to parochial politics. Corruption has become deeply ingrained, fueled by the fusion of traditional values and modern practices. Weak leadership, a lack of transparency, and a failure to address poverty and inequality further strain the democratic system.

Economic Prospects and Conclusion

PNG's small open market economy incorporates both government and private sectors. However, the economy struggles with inefficiencies, corruption, and a lack of development. Though growth figures may appear promising, tangible improvements in citizens' lives remain questionable. Political stability and anti-corruption efforts are vital for fostering genuine economic growth.

In Closing

The journey of democracy in PNG reflects its vibrant history and diverse cultural heritage. From traditional systems to the modern Westminster model, the nation has navigated a complex path. Challenges, such as tribal divisions, corruption, and economic struggles, continue to test PNG's democracy. It is the responsibility of leaders, citizens, and institutions to work collaboratively and tackle these challenges head-on, ensuring that the ideals of democracy translate into tangible improvements for all Papua New Guineans.

 

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

FPA: Organizational Process Model

-
This model centers on the fact that different bureaucracies have different standard operating procedures. These procedures are made in order to allow day to day operations to be carried out. Thus, a foreign policy decision is made based on these standard operating procedures. It is hard for a bureaucracy to make a decision or let alone function out of character or contrary to their standard operating procedure. The reading Chapter 4: Foreign policy shares a straight forward explanation of the OPM: "An alternative to the rational model of decision making is the organizational process model. In this model, foreign policy decision makers generally skip the labor-intensive process of identifying goals and alternative actions, relying instead for most decisions on standardized responses or standard operating procedures. For example, the U.S. State Department everyday receives more than a thousand reports or inquiries from its embassies around the world and sends out more than a
Read more

Commercial liberalism and the six norms

-
Image
Liberal internationalism is defined by Griffiths, O'Callaghan and Roach (2008, p.190) as a project to transform international relations so that they conform to models of peace, freedom, and prosperity allegedly enjoyed within constitutional liberal democracies. The same scholars go further by dividing liberalism into three distinct groups. They say these are the three ways to implement the project. The way they present liberal internationalism as a project makes their work interesting. Three distinct groups Firstly, commercial liberalism is about free trade between states. States bilaterally or multilaterally via a platform like APEC pursue the goal of trade liberalization. Griffiths, O'Callagahan and Roach (ibid.) argued that economic interdependence would decrease the likelihood of going to war. Republican liberalism is about democratic peace. The scholars argued that the spread of democracy among states so that governments will be accountable to their citizens makes it di
Read more

Rise and fall realism

-
Image
By Colin Elman and Michael A. Jensen Source: Williams, P. D. (Ed.). (2008). Security studies: an introduction . London: Routledge Taylor and Francis Group. What is rise and fall realism? Rise and fall realism remerge as a powerful alternative to the balance of power theories that predominated international relations scholarship during the 1950’s. Central theme Hegemony is the foundation for peace while balance is often associated with war (Organski). Dynamics Rise and fall realism emphasizes that war between major powers is least likely when the international system is dominated by a single state and when there are no rising challengers vying for system leadership. Given its privileged position, a dominant state is capable of shaping the rules and practices of the international system in such a way as to satisfy its selfish interest. Stability is a product of this hegemonic order, as states which are dissatisfied with the status quo lack the capabilities to change it.
Read more