Introducing the English School Theory: A Fresh Perspective on International Relations

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In the ever-evolving landscape of international relations, theories like liberalism and realism have long held sway. However, there's a relatively new kid on the block - the English School Theory (EST). In this blog post, we'll delve into the fundamentals of EST, with a particular focus on the concept of "international society."

The Birth of English School Theory

EST isn't just any theory; it's distinctly British. It emerged from the collaboration of academics and practitioners across various disciplines in what's known as the British Committee. This collective effort gave rise to a unique theoretical framework that offers analysts, researchers, and students a fresh lens through which to examine the intricate interactions between states and non-state actors on the global stage.

The Multidimensional Reality of International Relations

EST contends that international relations are a complex tapestry, one that cannot be neatly reduced to a single element like power, interest, cooperation, or norms. Instead, it embraces the idea of "plural phenomena," acknowledging that numerous factors contribute to our understanding of international relations.

Robert Jackson, as cited by Buzan, describes EST as a theory that recognizes international relations as a realm encompassing not only power, prudence, wealth, and capability but also elements like recognition, association, membership, equality, equity, legitimate interests, rights, reciprocity, customs, conventions, agreements, disagreements, disputes, offenses, injuries, damages, reparations, and more. In essence, it adopts a rich and diverse vocabulary of human conduct to explain global interactions.

The Core Elements of English School Theory

EST has two core elements that distinguish it from other theories. The first is the presence of three key concepts: international society, international system, and world society. Today, let's explore the first of these key concepts: international society.

International Society: A Reflection of Domestic Society

The concept of "international society" is pervasive in EST literature. In many ways, it mirrors our understanding of domestic societies, where shared commonalities, both tangible and intangible, unite us as a collective. For instance, in our domestic society, we might identify as citizens of a particular country and recognize national symbols that hold special significance. These symbols, whether they appear on official documents, currency, clothing, or even as tattoos, serve as tangible and intangible bonds that define our identity.

Similarly, in international society, states come together based on shared interests and identities, fostering a sense of belonging and common purpose. Buzan emphasizes that international society is more than just a set of rules; it's about the institutionalization of shared norms, rules, and institutions among states. It draws parallels with regime theory but goes deeper by influencing the very constitution of states' behavior.

While international society lacks a centralized authority like domestic societies, it operates based on states' perceptions of one another. Commonalities such as religion, governance systems, languages, or sets of rules and norms influence state behavior and define the boundaries of this social system.

Debate Within International Society

One key aspect of the study of international society centers on the ongoing debate between pluralists and solidarists. Pluralists contend that principles like sovereignty and non-intervention limit international society to minimal rules for coexistence. In contrast, solidarists argue that international society can establish a broader range of norms, rules, and institutions, encompassing not only coexistence but also cooperative efforts and even collective enforcement of shared interests.

Bull and Watson define international society as a group of states (or independent political communities) that not only form a system but also establish dialogue, consent to common rules and institutions, and recognize their mutual interest in upholding these arrangements.

In summary, the English School Theory offers a unique perspective on international relations, with its concept of international society shining as a critical element in understanding the intricate web of global interactions. It reminds us that, much like in our own societies, shared values and norms can play a profound role in shaping our world.

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